The Sleep Patterns Of University Students - 993 Words

The sleep patterns of university students are more problematic than those of high school students and non-university-attending adults: in one report, university students obtained fewer hours of sleep at night on leisure days relative to high school students, and their nighttime mid-sleep time was later on school days relative to that of high school students (Urner, Tornic, Bloch, 2009). Sleep problems in university student’s likely result from myriad influences, including biological factors such as changing sleep architecture and circadian rhythms as well as environmental factors such as increased involvement in academic and social activities (Colrain Baker, 2011). An estimated 35 percent of U.S. college students report less than seven†¦show more content†¦This article founded certain associations between sleep quality and temperament among university students. Seventy-one students chosen at random were asked to take the ESS (Johns, 1991) is an 8-item questionnaire that assesses current sleepiness by asking participants to report how likely they would be to doze if they were in particular situations that are differentially soporific, including those in which most people would be expected to fall asleep. The study found poor sleep quality was related to lower ratings on the effortful control factor score and on all three associated scales (activation, attentional, and inhibitory control). Poor sleep quality was associated with higher ratings on the negative affect factor score, particularly when considering the scales of fear and sadness but not discomfort or frustration (Lukowski F. A., Milojevich M. H. 2013). This study found that sleep quality was very important in determining if the student could function in school and if the student was able concentrate on material given in class. The study also found that sleep quality was unrelated to participant-reported extraversion, which means the student would be just as outgoing even if there slee p quality was poor. Even though sleep quality is important in functioning in class and could lead to poor grades and a potential GPA drop; in terms of student success, the student would be just as outgoing and socially active which is an imperative factor in college

Essay on Pro-Death Penalty - 1026 Words

Thousands of people will attack the death penalty. They will give emotional speeches about the one innocent man or woman who might accidentally get an execution sentence. However, all of these people are forgetting one crucial element. They are forgetting the thousands of victims who die every year by the hands of heartless murderers. There are more murderers out there than people who are wrongly convicted, and that is what we must remember. I, as well as many others, have total confidence in the death penalty. It is a very beneficial component of our justice system. The death penalty saves lives. It saves lives because it stops those who murder from ever murdering again. It also deters potential murderers from ever committing the crime.†¦show more content†¦Jaime, a beautiful twenty-year-old college student at SUNY Binghamton, had been walking back to her dorm after class when she was abducted by Duffy at gunpoint. Wearing a black ski mask and gloves, Jaimes friends were unable to identify him. Having no idea who this man was, they watched in horror as Jaime was grabbed, threatened, and taken away. Jaime was thrown into the front seat of a red Nissan Sentra with no license plates. Later that day, the police located the vehicle, which had been reported stolen, but Jaime and her abductor where nowhere to be found. There was not a single trace of evidence except for the fact that the car was stolen from Jaimes hometown community. Weeks went by and there were still no answers until the day two women, from Syracuse University, were abducted at gunpoint, the same way that Jaime was. The police soon realized that the three kidnappings had significant connections linking them together. These three women had all gone to high school together. Not only did they go to the same high school, they had all dated the same man at one point in time- Brian Duffy. It wasnt long before police tracked him down for questioning. Brian Duffy was arrested in April of 1997 for the rape and murder of my cousin Jaime and the twoShow MoreRelatedPro Death Penalty Speech1482 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduce myself before we get started. My name is Slick Perry and if you didn’t already know, I am the state governor of Texas. You are all aware that we are reviewing our recidivism rate to various crimes and reviewing our stance regarding the death penalty as we approach 2009. Everyone here understands that capital punishment is a very controversial topic in the United States. In Texas, from December 1982 through August 2008, only 361 criminals of the millions of Texans in our good state were executedRead MorePros And Cons Of The Death Penalty789 Words   |  4 Pages Death Penalty The death penalty has been a debated topic for decades. Many people believe that it serves justice to the person being executed, while others think that it does no good for either party. However, I believe the three most outstanding topics surround the death penalty are the cost of death vs. life in prison, attorney quality, and irrevocable mistakes. The first topic surrounding the death penalty is the cost of death vs. life in prison. This is a bigRead MoreDeath Penalty Pros and Cons1636 Words   |  7 Pages Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty The death penalty is a legal process whereby a person is put to death as a punishment for a crime. The death penalties are usually carried out for retribution of a heinous murder committed, such as aggravated murder, felony killing or contract killing. Every state handles what method they want to use to put a person to death according to their state laws. The death penalty is given by lethal injection, electrocution; gas chamber firing squad and hanging areRead More Pro Death Penalty Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment and the practice of the death penalty is an issue that is passionately debated in the United States. Opponents of the death penalty claim that capital punishment is unnecessary since a life sentence accomplishes the same objective. What death penalty opponents neglect to tell you is that convicted murders and child rapists escape from prison every year(List of prison escapes, 2015). As I write this essay, police are searching for two convicted murders wh o escaped from the ClintonRead MorePro Death Penalty Speech1595 Words   |  7 PagesPro Death Penalty Persuasive Speech It is October 1978 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Roger Stafford; his wife, Verna; and his brother, Harold entered the Sirloin Stockade restaurant and without any remorse or sympathy, brutally gunned down 6 people, 4 of them young teenagers.The gruesome scene depicted five bodie piled atop each other, their blood forming a slick pool that covered the floor and stained the surrounding boxes of ground beef patties and Wisconsin blue cheese. Read MoreDeath Penalty Pros And Cons1501 Words   |  7 Pagesthe death penalty. What laws have the Supreme Court recognized that warrant the death penalty as being cruel and unusual punishment. What are the pros and cons of the death penalty, death penalty vs. life incarceration from a financial standpoint, the death penalty is it a deterrent where crime is concerned, states that have the death penalty, the state with the highest number of death row inmates the state with the lowest, mentally ill and mental retardation, juveniles, women and the death penaltyRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Death Penalty is the punishment of execution to someone who legally by court of law convicted a capital crime. In the United States of America this is mainly used for aggravated murder. Additionally this means that the murder has circumstances that are severe. For instance it was plan ned murder, intentionally killed below the age of 13, killed someone while serving term in prison, killed a law officer, and killed someone or illegally terminated a person’s pregnancy while in the process of committingRead MorePros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1435 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Death Penalty (DP), being also known as capital punishment, capital offence and corporal punishment, is a sentence of death imposed on a convicted criminal (1); this essay will use all the terms interchangeably. The DP breaches two fundamental human rights, namely the right to life and the right to live free from torture; both rights are protected under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted by the United Nations in 1948, which contains a list of each human rightsRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe death penalty has always been an issue or debate in the United States, typically being asked if it should be illegal or not. As of right now there are thirty-one states, including Ohio in which I live, that still use the death penalty as it is illegal in the rest. There are many supporters of it, there is also a huge amount of opposition. There are things included in both sides that can make the argument harder to be one-sided but I believe that the death penalty should be legal throughout theRead MoreDeath Penalty Pros Cons2512 Words   |  11 PagesTop 10 Pros and Cons Should the death penalty be allowed? The PRO and CON statements below give a five minute introduction to the death penalty debate. (Read more information about our one star to five star Theoretical Credibility System) 1. Morality 2. Constitutionality 3. Deterrence 4. Retribution 5. Irrevocable Mistakes 6. Cost of Death vs. Life in Prison 7. Race 8. Income Level 9. Attorney Quality 10. Physicians at Execution PRO Death Penalty CON Death Penalty 1. Morality PRO:

Remittances and Innovation Processes †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Remittances and Innovation Processes. Answer: Introduction: During 1990s, the world was faced by changes in social life, politics, and technology. People began to think about terms like globalization and the internet. These terms exactly show what the current world is facing. It is evident from history that the world has faced two great revolutions; for instance, the agricultural revolution and industrial movement. Most researchers have indicated that we are currently in the middle of the third revolution (Abella, 2004). The agricultural movement was concerned with farming, which requires certain technological advances to make it successful. The agricultural products must also pass through industries in order to come up with other products through manufacturing processes. All these things require development of ideas that are arrived at through innovation. Therefore, innovation has aided revolutions both industrial and agricultural. The building of factories characterized the industrial movement where products were turned into goods that are more useful. A lot of research therefore needed to be done in order to know more about the procedures and get viable information. The third revolution that we are is thus characterized by the presence of personal computers and smart phones that make it possible to search for information in the internet easily to enhance our understanding help us to be innovative, and develop new ideas (Adams, 2002). The most important factor in innovation is the development of ideas. Ideas have unique characteristic, for instance, it is not exhaustive- that is, other people can still use an idea that has been used by somebody severally. In the world of business, new inputs can be employed to improve and not to lower the returns. The process of managing innovation depends on the type of innovation at hand. This is because there are several types of innovations that can be explored by an organization or a firm, but the most common types revolve around product and services. There is an ongoing debate about the need for successful innovation in order for it to be a greater one. According to Tidd and Bessant, 2011, innovation does not mean an idea only, but it represents implementation as well. Irrespective of how one defines innovation, it is important to note that the aspect of innovation is not a current one, but that which has existed for several years (Amuedo-Dorantes, Pozo, 2004). For instance, in history, there have been instances where ideas are converted in to realization. Throughout the time, several innovative ideas have been developed, tested and implemented. Some of these ideas have gone a long way in helping organizations achieving their goals and objectives. It is important to consider innovation as one of the critical things that keep organizations or firms moving. Due to the changes in technology, new ideas come in to perspective irrespective of those at the helm of management or leadership. They usually face changes that are inevitable. Innovation therefore has several roles that would be fundamental to the success of the firm or organization. Researchers have indicated that development of products arise because of innovation and ideas that are put into action. According to Marcus, (2010), several ideas can be conceived by different members of an organization, evaluated, tested, and implemented. However, this calls for the good practice and good will from all the stakeholders of that organization. With all the stakeholders working as a team, important ideas can be put into action to with an aim of achieving and promoting the livelihood of organizations objectives and goals. Many authors of business books and articles have been able to describe various models of innovation ranging from first to fifth generation, which includes the integration of systems as well as networking. Innovation and investments In recent world, many investments are done in relation to developed ideas. Therefore, innovation is the one that drives the investments because people constantly come up with such viable ideas that when put into action would see projects being established (Bharathi, 2016). Several studies have shown that individuals who develop viable ideas seem not to implement them; rather others who have the machinery and adverse financial background implement them. In this age where we have enhanced capability to learn through the internet, it is expected that investments will be increasing as many people have devised good ways of becoming innovative. In the year 1998, many businesses were because of innovative ideas that were extremely being exploited and implemented. Hopes were that they do not collapse due to weak research, but as time moved, the managers have been able to invent new ideas and improve on the initial ideas. All these have enable these organizations excel despite the challenges that come with those innovative ideas. According to Chinn, (2003), innovation come with challenges and every innovator must learn to face the challenges by not allowing them to ruin the good idea that he has developed. There is need for proper management of innovation in the United Kingdom. A report by DTI of 1994 indicated that In 1990s, most manufacturing industries in the UK improved at a faster rate than other industries in developed countries because of innovations. However, recent studies and reports have shown that the UKs GDP has remained unchanged for quite some time. This instance has been alluded to the fact that there has been very little done to improve innovation. The UK and other developed countries have allegedly exhausted the innovative ideas and there is thinking that no more ideas can be conceived further (Miller, Biggart, and Newton, 2013). However, in the world of business and management, ideas are in exhaustive. People will continue coming up with new things and even modifying and improving the ones that are existing. As have been indicated in this report, one can realize the kind of importance innovation has on businesses. However, innovations also come with challenges and hindrances. This literature explains some of these hindrances. In organizations, these barriers can be classified as external and internal barriers. External hindrances include things like infrastructure, lack of proper education and training, improper laws, unrecognized talents in the society (Acosta, Caldern, Fajnzylber, Lpez, 2008). Internal barriers are things like bureaucracies and rigid organizational rules and processes, rigidity in formal communication systems, resistance to changes, and inadequate or lack of motivational activities. From the ongoing discussion, it can be concluded that most innovative ideas are generally thwarted by lack of commitment from organizations. For example, most managers may think that it is too expensive for an organization to implement a new idea. Dimensions of innovation Incremental Radical Product 32 bit chips to replace 16 bit chips. Launch of compact-disc Player. Process Upgrading quality inspection system. Product prototyping on computers. Organizational Implementation of quality circles. Teleconference meeting. Innovation can classified under three main dimensions. These dimensions include product, process, and organization. Product innovation involves circumstances where a person conceives an idea about a product. Product innovation is the most critical dimension of innovation that must always come first (Andrews Russell, 2012). The management should therefore be keen on all the aspects about product, from conception to final step where it would be ready for consumption. However, it must be noted that during conception, the process and all other factors that would ensure that the achievement is met as accurate as needed. Many scholars of management have indicated that product is a critical aspect of an organization. The stakeholders, employees, and management staff all focus their attention on the product and how it can be made and improved to satisfy the needs of customers. However, it may be a hard task to link the product innovation and the process innovation at the initial stages, but it may call for patience to see how the two can be intermingled and work cohesively. The second dimension of innovation is the process innovation. It is obvious that a product has to pass through several processes in order to get to a stage where it is called finished product. The process dimension is directly linked to product dimension in the fact that raw materials have to be changed to consumable product through a well-defined process (Lavy, 2013). The aspect of innovation is critical at this point because proper arrangement has to be put in place as to minimize challenges that may make it hard to arrive at the targets. With the advances in technology, it may be necessary to automate processes that can be automated to increase efficiency, improve quantity and quality, and to minimize wasted time. Processes are varied depending on the nature of product that is at hand. Some processes are complex while others are simple. Consequently, the kind of innovation follows the nature of the process. The history of innovation indicates that there are varieties of innovation and all of them reconcile a particular type of process to be followed. In recent studies, there are suggestions that thinking about process and at the same time, the product will create a clear path and shade more light on innovative ideas that can be implemented. The UK and other developed countries have allegedly exhausted the innovative ideas and there is thinking that no more ideas can be conceived further (Miller, Biggart, and Newton, 2013). However, in the world of business and management, ideas are in exhaustive. People will continue coming up with new things and even modifying and improving the ones that are existing. The last dimension of innovation is the organizational dimension. The process innovation and product innovation, all must be brought together in a perfect organization in order to achieve the objectives. Organizational dimension is mainly concerned with creating ideas that would enable an organization perform its duties concerning management and everyone who is associated with it either directly or indirectly (Desa, and Basu, 2013). The greatest concern of an organization is to make sure that its customers are satisfactorily treated because the customer is the main purpose for their existence. It is important therefore to strive to come up with ideas that will not only enhance the achievement of organizational goals but also to improve customers consciousness, happiness, and satisfaction. In 2002, a study by the World Bank on management principles indicated that most managers are cognizant to the fact that a conducive environment for employees would positively affect their input to t he organization in terms of how much they put effort to achieve the goals and objects of the organization. In recent world, many investments are done in relation to developed ideas. Therefore, innovation is the one that drives the investments because people constantly come up with such viable ideas that when put into action would see projects being established. Several studies have shown that individuals who develop viable ideas seem not to implement them; rather others who have the machinery and adverse financial background (Haasler, 2013) implement them. In this age where we have enhanced capability to learn through the internet, it is expected that investments will be increasing as many people have devised good ways of becoming innovative. There is need for proper management of innovation in the United Kingdom. A report by DTI of 1994 indicated that In 1990s, most manufacturing industries in the UK improved at a faster rate than other industries in developed countries because of innovations. However, recent studies and reports have shown that the UKs GDP has remained unchanged for quit e some time. This instance has been alluded to the fact that there has been very little done to improve innovation. The UK and other developed countries have allegedly exhausted the innovative ideas and there is thinking that no more ideas can be conceived further. However, in the world of business and management, ideas are in exhaustive. In the year 2013, many businesses were because of innovative ideas that were extremely being exploited and implemented. Hopes were that they do not collapse due to weak research, but as time moved, the managers have been able to invent new ideas and improve on the initial ideas. All these have enable these organizations excel despite the challenges that come with those innovative ideas. Conclusion It has been shown in this paper that innovation is one that drives the activities of organizations in these modern times. It would be impossible to achieve some things if an organization disregards innovative ideas (Potters, 2002). When we considered the three most dimensions of innovation, we realized that all the three dimensions are interlinked and none should work independently. It is suggested that organizations should allow adequate research on ideas that would enhance their activities. Innovation act as a transformational factor of internal capabilities of a firm or organization, and several research studies indicate that there is a link between innovation and the performance of a firm. A recent research on Italian SMEs by Brick Lee (2013) indicates that there is a great impact of innovation on performance of an organization. Although many firms have realized the importance of innovation, some barriers tend to backtrack the efforts put in place to ensure innovation is encourag ed and any innovative idea is implemented. Lack of proper implementation strategies and will makes it hard to achieve the required as per the innovative idea. In fact, all the dimensions discussed are critical if one means well for innovation purposes. In the case of a firm, the product innovation is where an idea about a product is conceived and it must pass through a process. However, there must be an organizational management to look at it all. In recent world, many investments are done in relation to developed ideas. Therefore, innovation is the one that drives the investments because people constantly come up with such viable ideas that when put into action would see projects being established (Bharathi, 2016). Several studies have shown that individuals who develop viable ideas seem not to implement them; rather others who have the machinery and adverse financial background implement them. In this age where we have enhanced capability to learn through the internet, it is expec ted that investments will be increasing as many people have devised good ways of becoming innovative. The world is changing at pace. Companies are rethinking, restructuring and, in many cases, diversifying into new sectors to hedge their risk of disruption. Strategies to scan, learn and adapt to the new tech venture landscape are fast becoming pivotal to a companys horizon planning. The new ventures you will read about today will be different to those you were tracking yesterday; your customers expectations are continuously evolving; and your competitors will slowly get the hang of this innovation malarkey if they have not already. Bury your head in the sand for a few years of "transformation," and it is guaranteed you will come up for air in a new world one where you do not have permission to play. References Andrews Russell. (2012). Innovation and development: strategy, evaluation and impact. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 2(1), pp.33-44. Bharathi, A. (2016). Development of ideas. Higher Learning Research on Innovation, 6(4). Haasler, S. (2013). Technology and its impacts. International Journal of Training and Development, 17(3), pp.233-243. Lavy, I. (2013). Soft Skills An Important Key for Innovation in the "Shift to a Service Driven Economy" Era. International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e Learning. Miller, L., Biggart, A. and Newton, B. (2013). Basic innovation skills. International Journal of Training and Development, 17(3), pp.173-175. Potters, E. (2002). Improving Skills and Innovations in the 21st Century. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 55(4), p.739. Desa, G. and Basu, S. (2013). Optimization or Bricolage? Overcoming Innovative Constraints in Global Social Entrepreneurship. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 7(1), pp.26-49. Panagiotakopoulos, A. (2012). Development new ideas and skills in Greek higher education institutions (HEIs). Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 2(2), pp.141-150 Abella, M. (2004). The role of innovation in management. In D. Massey Edward Taylor (Eds.), International migration: Prospects and policies in a global market (pp. 201 - 211). London: Oxford University Press. Acosta, P., Caldern, C., Fajnzylber, P., Lpez, J. H. (2008). Do remittances lower innovation levels in Latin America? Adams, R. H. Jr. (2002). Precautionary saving from different sources of innovation: Evidence from rural Pakistan (Policy Research Working Paper Report No. 2761). Washington, DC: World Bank. Amuedo-Dorantes, C., Pozo, S. (2004). Workers' remittances and the innovation processes: A paradox of gifts. World Development, 32(8), 1407 1417

The Importance of Reading Newspaper free essay sample

The significant role of newspapers in shaping the society has been perceived since the dawn of its history. Newspapers are historically known for offering a wide array of information and knowledge sources . Newspaper have been the most conventional and popular medium of conveying local, regional, national and international news to the readers. Newspaper serve us the latest happenings in different parts of the world through a network of correspondents and news agencies. The national dailies employ their correspondents and reporters in all the major cities of the world. The major newspapers like the New York Times, shape and influence the views, opinions and attitudes of millions of readers throughout the world. They are the guardians of liberty, civic and human rights in the civilised world. Newspapers keep the people informed about the political happenings of their government. They give in detail the statements of speeches made by the rulers at public meetings of on the radio of television. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Reading Newspaper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They also report the events of political parties and leaders. Standard newspapers criticize the policies and statements of the government or of the political parties in a fair (just) way. Newspapers describe the economic policies of the government. For example they describe its import and export policies, its plans for future economic development, and the prices of different things fixed by it, and so on. Our newspapers have always reported in detail the economic policies of our different government in the fields of agriculture, industry and commerce. They have also described the problems of labors, farmers and other working people and suggested their solutions. Newspapers give a true and correct picture of society. They describe the activities of the people in different fields like education business industry, law, medicine, science, and so on. They tell us about the activities of students and teachers, businessmen, industrialists, lawyers, doctors, scientists and all categories of working people. They convey information regarding the different crimes taking place every day. Newspapers tell about the political, economic and social changes in different countries. They give descriptions of changes government and revolutions in different parts of the world. They give descriptions of changes taking place in other societies in education, science, and medicine industry agriculture and defense preparation.

The History of Obesity in America essays

The History of Obesity in America essays Obesity is a multilayered and complex disease that has affected millions throughout the world. Scientists have struggled to find successful treatments to alleviate the problem. Obesity is a relatively new problem, as this global disaster was not a prevalent issue or a public health concern until the mid-20th century. The widespread obesity around the world came about so swiftly and profoundly that the only way it can be explained is that it must be an ecological, social, and cultural issue rather than an evolutionary occurrence. The specific causes for why there was a sudden increase in obesity have not yet been established; however, the underlying causes for obesity-excessive eating and lack of exercise- have always been known. [1] The obesity pandemic is indeed a new occurrence, but obesity has been a part of many societies since prehistoric times. Societal perception has shifted dramatically in the past century from the belief that obesity was primarily a cosmetic issue to an understanding that obesity is a medical and physiological issue. Despite public health efforts to educate and influence society, the obesity rate increased enormously due to factors leading to an increasingly sedentary lifestyle and deleterious dietary changes. Obesity can be dated back to over 20,000 years and the meaning behind obesity and societal perception changes frequently. Sometimes, overweight people were viewed in a positive light and sometimes they were viewed in a more pejorative fashion. For the majority of history, there was not usually an abundance of food and when someone was corpulent, they had survival advantages. During the renaissance period, fat people were perceived to be high class and affluent. On the contrary, studies of royal Egyptian mummies suggest that there were middle class fat and stout people; however, at this time, obesity was regard as objectionable and offensive. In An...

Develop Delphi programs in Windows API (Without VCL)

Develop Delphi programs in Windows API (Without VCL) About the course: intermediate The course is written by Wes Turner, brought to you by Zarko Gajic Overview: This Guide is about developing Delphi programs without the Forms and Controls units or any of the Component Library. You will be shown how to create windows classes and windows, how to use the Message Loop to pass messages to the WndProc message handling function, etc... Prerequisites: Chapters: Introduction: The file size of a standard Delphi application is at least 250 Kb, due to the Forms unit, which will include a lot of code that may not be needed. Without the Forms unit, developing in API means that you will be coding in the .dpr (program) unit of your app. There will not be a usable Object Inspector or any components, this is NOT RAD, it is slow and there is no visual Form to see during development. But by learning how to do this you will begin to see how the Windows OS operates and uses window creation options and windows messages to do things. This is very useful in Delphi RAD with the VCL, and almost essential for VCL component development. If you can find the time and patients to learn about windows messages and message handling methods, you will greatly increase your ability to use Delphi, even if you dont use any API calls and only program with the VCL. CHAPTER 1: When you read the Win32 API help, you see that the C language syntax is used. This article will help you learn the differences between the C language types and the Delphi language types. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 2: Lets make a formless program that gets user input and creates a file (populated with system information), using only Windows API calls. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 3: Lets see how to create a Windows GUI program with windows and a message loop. Heres what youll find in this chapter: an intro to Windows messaging (with a discussion on message structure) ; about the WndMessageProc function, handles, the CreateWindow function, and much more. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! More coming...

New Media & International Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

New Media & International Communication - Essay Example The media influences with sports apparel are created through various forms of communication that are based on commercialization. The types of media are inclusive of more traditional forms of media, such as print ads, newspapers, magazines and TV advertisements. These forms of commercialization are known to carry a specific number of advertisements or highlights that are based on sports apparel. There are also newer forms of advertisements through the dispersal of information on the Internet, specifically which creates a different relationship with potential customers interested in sports apparel. These various forms of communication become the most essential components of media influences as well as the relationships which are created with sports apparel. The main association with each of these is to transform the ideas of sports apparel into one which becomes attractive to those who are interested in sports of various forms.... For example, many of the sports coverage that is available come through television and sponsoring organizations. These include live coverage of specific games that may be more important to a group of individuals. The exposure continues with endorsements and sponsorship of top athletes for commercialization, specifically based on the performance of the games played in the past. These two interlink to news related stories that highlight the sports games and the top players. The news stories, coverage and responses then continue with social media and Internet exposure that highlights and creates responses with what is happening. Each of these build a different type of exposure through the media and interlink where the commercial aspects relate directly to exposure of the games and the fan base that identifies with this (Uhler, Lanter, 2008: p. 52). Communication of Sports Apparel The use of media and communication for sports apparel is unique because of the characteristics it holds and the type of consumers interested in the apparel. The main association is based on forms of advertising that are associated with adventure and living in the extreme. Through a recent study (Puchan, 2005, 171), it was found that sports activities have vastly increased in the last 20 years. This increase in sports is one which is directly related to the media sport and the world of sports that are associated with ideas of sports. Remaining healthy, living for adventure and having extreme associations then creates a different sense of communication. Sports apparel then links to communication that targets individuals interested in specific activities. The forms of media which are used will target these individuals and will communicate this specific message while showing

Immigration and education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Immigration and education - Research Paper Example om transportation to unofficial immigrants under 31 years of age; arrived in the United States earlier of age 16; have always been in the country for at least five years of residence; having not been sentenced for any crime, presently in school, having advanced from high school, or functioned in the U.S army. Thus the Obama administration is better to move on with immigration reforms which included: the immigration reform system legalized so as to function more successfully, taking precise response to labor market, thus, enhancing U.S effectiveness. Reinstates the reliability of immigration laws through an implementation system which disheartens managers and workers from their external action of the lawful system, safeguards Americas boundaries, and charges substantial consequences in touch with those who disrupt the guidelines; Proposes a just, caring, and arranged technique to permit numerous of the coarsely millions of migrants presently residing unlawfully in the U.S to receive the legal rights of living in the country. This is worth implementation since the immigrants could aid in increasing the U.S economy as they are very hard working persons, Registration of these immigrants with contextual authorizations would certify that we know who is here and will allow the U.S powers to pay attention to implementation properties on criminal essentials and safety pressures instead of meticulous intimate memberships. The possibility for getting a national policy failure sometimes can be explained by partisan actions. The September 11 outbreaks still a possible immigration reform package in its ways. Before the outbreak, President George W. Bush meeting with Mexican president, Vicente Fox, a number of times discussing about the Latinos becoming the significant individuals of swing voters known for nowadays ,hence calling for consensual immigration reforms. Subsequent to the bomber attacks, nevertheless, immigration implementation turn out to be identical with

Why Race, Class, and Gender Still Matter Essay Example for Free

Why Race, Class, and Gender Still Matter Essay The critical issues mentioned in â€Å"Why Race Class and Gender Still Matter† are how inequalities are going to be spoken about in the book â€Å"Race Class and Gender† and about how race, class, and gender still effect society today. Another critical topic in this chapter is Hurricane Katrina and how that brought the poverty level and status of minorities in the country to light. Lastly, this chapter explains how the author expects the reader to look at race, class, and gender as they read the rest of the book and to look at the experiences of every group from that particular perspective. This book was intended for under-graduate and graduate sociology or political science students. The purpose of chapter one was to explain the point of the book. It was an expository introduction that told why race, class, and gender needs to be examined and studied. According to this book race, class, and gender â€Å"shape the experiences of all people in the United States.† There are ways in which different groups can be both privileged in one way while disadvantaged in another. Americans have started describing these different groups using the term diversity. Diversity awareness has started initiatives to prove diversity is pleasing and important, and that it should be celebrated. One more important topic discussed in this chapter is the directions to study exploitations and exclusions of some groups along with the inclusion of others. The thesis of â€Å"Why Race Class and Gender Still Matter† is that developing knowledge of how the progressively universal center of society effects the configuration of race, class, and gender interactions will inspire inclusive outlooks in the United States. The author’s language ability is voice-intimidating. The author uses very advanced language. Specific words I found difficult to understand were matrix, salient, domination, and framework. The author provides evidence when talking about Hurricane Katrina and the damage that hurricane did. However, most statements are not backed up with evidence of studies or statistics. The author employs the logic of problematic. I found this reading to open my mind up for what is to come in the future weeks of this class. Since it was only the opening chapter I did not find anything to be implicit or explicit. My biggest question is what is meant by a matrix of domination? This chapter says â€Å"we use the approach of a matrix of domination to analyze race, class, and gender.† I realize that it refers to levels in the social structure of the U.S. but how are these levels defined and what makes one disadvantage worse than another?

Free College Essays - The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe :: Poe Raven Essays

The Raven The Raven written by Edgar Allan Poe is a very famous poertry. "The most obvious symbol is the Raven its self. Poe uses the non-reasoning raven because he wants to make us wondering why he had chosen the raven from all the other birds., and frustrate us by wondering why the raven is repeating the word nevermore. He is surprised to hear the bird speak and he thinks that no living human has ever had a bird just sit there and talk to him, and with such a name as Nevermore. This might be the point where he realises that he is dying. It is also important that the answers to the questions are already known, but in a way it helps to illustrate the self-torture the narrator exposes himself to. Another symbol is the Pallas. . It seemed that the bird had a purpose for being there. In the whole room the raven decides toperch on the Greek Goddess of Wisdom, because in a way or another he is trying to make us believe that the raven speaks from wisdom? Or was Poe just using a word only some could interpret? "And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door; And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming, And the lamp-light o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor; And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor Shall be lifted NEVERMORE." Through this quotation the bird has disobeyed him and is just sitting above the door staring at him. His soul is caught under the bird shadow as he passes away and it is lifted up to heaven and his fair Lenore. Poe uses midnight and December for the time the story takes place because both represent an end to something, and alsothe anticipation of something new. A new year comes after midnight, also a new day; and December represents the end of a year. Finally when I picture the room the narrator is positioned in and remembering the past, remembering how weak and weary he felt. He remembers himself he was like a lonely and sorrowful, and the richly furnished room reminds him of his lost love,

Patient Confidentiality in the Emergency Department Essay

Confidentiality and privacy are words used interchangeably in the medical world when they have very different meanings. Confidentiality is in line with protection of patient information from unauthorized users and privacy is in line with protection of the patient’s physical body from unauthorized users. In the emergency department (ED) this is a lofty and constant task that requires vigilance from staff, in all departments, involved with the patient. This student will report on the issues with confidentiality in the ED. Describe the issue and the population it affects most. There are many issues with confidentiality in the ED but this student believes that the overcrowding and â€Å"the growth in the subspecialty of Hallway Medicine† (Freeman, 2003, p. 1) is an enormous problem facing emergency department’s (ED’s). Hallway medicine happens when an ED has full rooms and the hallway gets employed as a waiting or staging area for the overflow patients. Emergency room visits by patients are not just for emergencies anymore. The ED is becoming more like an urgent care setting. As more patients cannot pay for the medical care, they need a higher utilization of the ED is happening because the ED cannot refuse to treat a patient. This is causing an influx of patient volume. Because most ED’s have not had the opportunity to rebuild or redesign the patient rooms to single person rooms the use of curtains separating patient’s is still widely used. Some precautions have been instituted by widening the space between beds and using portable dividers there is still an issue with maintaining patient’s confidentiality. Poor division between patients and overcrowding of ED’s can create a sense of no privacy for the necessary communication between patient and provider to happen. Patients will use the ED for a variety of ailments. If the patient feels that they may be overheard by someone other than his or her provider, he or she most likely will withhold medical history or information that the provider would need to help diagnose and treat the current problem. Supporting facts According to Moskop, Marco, Larkin, Geiderman, and Derse (2005), â€Å"Of the 104 patients in the latter study reported that their expectations for privacy in the ED were met, 4 patients (all in curtained treatment areas) reported withholding part of their medical history, refusing part of their examination, or both because of privacy concerns† (Moskop et al 2005, p. 1). When patients believe that someone who is not providing care directly to them can hear the intimate details of his or her medical issue he or she will most likely not share the entirety of the details. If the patient is a celebrity, he or she will not want to share too much information for fear that the ED visit information will be sold or leaked to the press or paparazzi. Possibly, there is a family member with the patient. This person does not need to know the full extent of the patient’s medical issues. These are valid confidentiality concerns that hamper the ability of the ED physician to treat the patient. Ethical and Legal Issues The ethical issues are never-ending when dealing with patients’ confidentiality while in the ED. The emergency department has some slightly different issues to deal with in emergent or trauma situations the need to maintain the patients’ confidentiality are still prevalent. ED physicians have to be wary of several possibilities that can affect the course of an ED visit. The safety of patients and staff is always a top priority. Depending on mental status, the severity of the injury or illness, placing the patient in a single person room or closer to the nurses’ station may be necessary to maintain safety. Law enforcement officers may need to have access to the patient to get the details of an accident or retrieve evidence. The officers have, in some instances, the ability to access the patients because the transportation to the ED by law enforcement. Protecting the medical record is of high importance. No matter who has access to the patient the medical record must be kept confidential and not laying around for anyone to see. Legal issues around confidentiality can be just as important. Patients can record the actions of the staff in the ED. Smart phones have increased the patient’s or family member’s ability to document what is said and the actions made by the providers. This may help a legal case if the patient has a valid complaint. The facility also has to make the medical record safe and confidential. If the medical record is on paper, then there needs to be restricted access to the area where the records are. If the medical record is electronic, safeguards in the computer programming need to shut down and lock the screen after a short period on inactivity. Managerial responsibilities related to administrative ethical issues In the article, there was no relation to managerial responsibilities. This student believes that education to the staff as regularly as possible is the best way to make sure all staff understand the high level of confidentiality to be maintained in the ED. There should be no compromise when accessing the patients’ medical record. Regular training for the staff will be a big step in the right direction. Reaching out to ancillary departments and outside resource, law enforcement officers, to coordinate the teaching of confidentiality within patient access would also create a unity between the different people who may have access to the patient. Solutions Proposed solutions for maintaining confidentiality in the ED begin with making the patient feel that the space he or she are in during his or her ED visit is an audibly secure. This becomes a challenge for established older ED where curtains are still used to create a privacy barrier. One solution would be to use all individual rooms first, before using the curtained rooms. This removes any confidentiality issues at the beginning of the visit. If only curtained rooms are available space the patients in every other curtained room until it is necessary to start using the rooms in between. Another solution may be to have portable walls that roll into place to give an added layer of sound barrier. â€Å"In an area where multiple patient-staff communications routinely occur, use of cubicles, dividers, shields, curtains, or similar barriers may constitute a reasonable safeguard† (â€Å"Using barriers,† 2002, p. 6). Conclusion In the emergency department, a patient’s visit can be very hectic and have different people discussing the patients care and care needs to be taken to ensure the patient’s confidentiality. The patient needs to feel comfortable to share his or her health history so that the physician can make the best informed decision for the patient’s treatment. The patients’ medical record needs to be kept secure whether in a restricted area or with software that shuts down after not used for a short period. Creating an audibly secure area for the patient will help create a better ED visit for the patient.

Office Star Usefull for Market Research

Background OfficeStar, a regional chain of office supply stores, has decided to launch its own ink cartridge line of products. The goal of the company is to compete with the usual actors in the market by offering a lower-priced product to its core customers, with which it hopes to capture significant market share in that business. The key figures for this market are as follows: .. The market for ink cartridges in the region is approximately 2. 3 million units sold every quarter (to simplify, we assume 2. 3 million customers buy one ink cartridge each). ..The production cost of an ink cartridge is $6. 50; it is sold at a price of $19. 95 in stores, leading to a gross margin of $13. 45. .. OfficeStar has a house list of 500,000 identified potential customers, to whom the company could send samples if that were deemed profitable. .. Sending a sample costs $3 in shipping and handling. Just before launching the product line, OfficeStar hired a market research company to perform simulation s and forecast the future market share of the product. Results were disappointing. The market research company has identified two key issues: ..Prospective customers are unwilling to try this product, and most appear likely to remain loyal to their current provider (usually, the printer manufacturer). .. Even for those customers willing to try the product, market research pretests show a low level of repeat sales. Exercise As the new product manager of the OfficeStar ink cartridge product line, you wanted to identify the opportunities and ways to penetrate stronghold of OEMs. Data from 40 respondents was captured and is available in OfficeStar Data. xls file. Carry out segmentation study and report your findings in the form of 1 page memo.

How to Make an Inference in 5 Easy Steps

How to Make an Inference in 5 Easy Steps We all have to take those standardized tests where youre presented with a large passage of text and must work your way through the multiple-choice problems that follow. Most of the time, youll get questions asking you to find the main idea, determine the authors purpose, understand vocabulary in context, figure out the authors tone, and, the topic at hand, make inferences. For many people, understanding how to make an inference is the toughest part of the reading passage, because an inference in real life requires a bit of guessing. On a multiple-choice test, however, making an inference comes down to honing a few reading skills like these listed below. Read them, then practice your new skills with the inference practice problems listed below. What exactly is an inference? Step 1: Identify an Inference Question First, youll need to determine whether or not youre actually being asked to make an inference on a reading test. The most obvious questions will have the words suggest, imply or infer right in the tag like these: According to the passage, we can reasonably infer...Based on the passage, it could be suggested that...Which of the following statements is best supported by the passage?The passage suggests that this primary problem...The author seems to imply that†¦ Some questions, however, will not come right out and ask you to infer. Youll have to actually infer that you need to make an inference about the passage. Sneaky, huh? Here are a few that require inferencing skills, but dont use those words exactly. With which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?Which of the following sentences would the author most likely use to add additional support to paragraph three? Step 2: Trust the Passage Now that youre certain you have an inference question on your hands, and you know exactly what an inference is, youll need to let go of your prejudices and prior knowledge and use the passage to prove that the inference you select is the correct one. Inferences on a multiple-choice exam are different from those in real life. Out in the real world, if you make an educated guess, your inference could still be incorrect. But on a multiple-choice exam, your inference will be correct because youll use the details in the passage to prove it. You have to trust that the passage offers you the truth in the setting of the test and that one of the answer choices provided is correct without stepping too far outside the realm of the passage. Step 3: Hunt for Clues Your third step is to start hunting for clues – supporting details, vocabulary, characters actions, descriptions, dialogue, and more – to prove one of the inferences listed below the question. Take this question and text, for example: Reading Passage: The widow Elsa was as complete a contrast to her third bridegroom, in everything but age, as can be conceived. Compelled to relinquish her first marriage after her husband died in the war, she married a man twice her years to whom she became an exemplary wife despite their having nothing in common, and by whose death she was left in possession of a splendid fortune, though she gave it away to the church. Next, a southern gentleman, considerably younger than herself, succeeded to her hand, and carried her to Charleston, where, after many uncomfortable years, she found herself again a widow. It would have been remarkable if any feeling had survived through such a life as Elsas; it could not but be crushed and killed by the early disappointment of her first grooms demise, the icy duty of her second marriage, and the unkindness of her third husband, which had inevitably driven her to connect the idea of his death with that of her comfort. Based on the information in the passage, it could be suggested that the narrator believes Elsas prior marriages to be:A. uncomfortable, but well-suited to ElsaB. satisfactory and dull to ElsaC. cold and damaging to ElsaD. awful, but worth it to Elsa To find clues that point to the correct answer, look for descriptions that would support those first adjectives in the answer choices. Here are some of the descriptions of her marriages in the passage: †¦she became an exemplary wife despite their having nothing in common†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦after many uncomfortable years, she found herself again a widow.†¦the icy duty of her second marriage and the unkindness of her third husband which had inevitably driven her to connect the idea of his death with that of her comfort. Step 4: Narrow Down the Choices The last step to making a correct inference on a multiple-choice test is to narrow down the answer choices. Using the clues from the passage, we can infer that nothing much was satisfactory to Elsa about her marriages, which gets rid of Choice B. Choice A is also incorrect because although the marriages certainly seem uncomfortable based on the clues, they were not well-suited to her as she had nothing in common with her second husband and wanted her third husband to die. Choice D is also incorrect because nothing is stated or implied in the passage to prove that Elsa believed her marriages to be worth it in some way; in fact, we can infer that it wasnt worth it to her at all because she gave away the money from her second husband. So, we have to believe that Choice C is the best – the marriages were cold and damaging. The passage states explicitly that her marriage was an icy duty and her third husband was unkind. We also know that they were damaging because her feelings had been crushed and killed by her marriages. Step 5: Practice To get really good at making inferences, youll need to practice making your own inferences first, so start with these free inference practice worksheets.

Mississippians Were the Mound Builders in North America

Mississippians Were the Mound Builders in North America The Mississippian culture is what archaeologists call the pre-Columbian horticulturalists who lived in the midwestern and southeastern United States between about AD 1000-1550. Mississippian sites have been identified within the river valleys of nearly a third of what is today the United States, including an area centered in Illinois but found as far south as the Florida panhandle, west as Oklahoma, north as Minnesota, and east as Ohio. Mississippian Chronology 1539 - Hernando de Sotos expedition visits Mississippian polities from Florida to Texas1450-1539 - mound centers regroup, some develop paramount leaders1350-1450 - Cahokia abandoned, many other mound centers decrease in population1100-1350 - multiple mound centers arise radiating out from Cahokia1050-1100 - Cahokias Big Bang, population peaks at 10,000-15,000, colonization efforts begin in the north800-1050 - un-palisaded villages and intensification of maize exploitation, Cahokia population at about 1000 by AD 1000 Regional Cultures The term Mississippian is a broad umbrella term that includes several similar regional archaeological cultures. The southwestern portion of this huge area (Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma and adjacent states) is known as Caddo; the Oneota is found in Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois and Wisconsin); Fort Ancient is the term referring to Mississippian-like towns and settlements in the Ohio River Valley of Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana; and the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex includes the states of Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. At a minimum, all of these distinctive cultures shared cultural traits of mound construction, artifact forms, symbols, and stratified ranking. Mississippian cultural groups were independent chiefdoms which were primarily connected, at varying levels, by loosely organized trade systems and warfare. The groups shared a common ranked societal structure; a farming technology based on the three sisters of maize, beans, and squash; fortification ditches and palisades; large earthen flat-topped pyramids (called platform mounds); and a set of rituals and symbols referring to fertility, ancestor worship, astronomical observations, and war. Origins of the Mississippians The archaeological site of Cahokia is the largest of the Mississippian sites and arguably the main generator for most of the ideas that make up Mississippian culture. It was located in the segment of the Mississippi River Valley in the central United States known as the American Bottom. In this rich environment just east of the modern day city of St. Louis, Missouri, Cahokia rose to become an enormous urban settlement. It has by far the largest mound of any Mississippian site and held a population of between 10,000-15,000 at its heyday. Cahokias center called Monks Mound covers an area of five hectares (12 acres) at its base and stands over 30 meters (~100 feet) tall. The vast majority of Mississippian mounds in other places are no more than 3 m (10 ft) high. Because of Cahokias extraordinary size and early development, American archaeologist Timothy Pauketat has argued that Cahokia was the regional polity which provided the impetus for the incipient Mississippian civilization. Certainly, in terms of chronology, the habit of constructing mound centers began at Cahokia and then moved outward into the Mississippi Delta and Black Warrior valleys in Alabama, followed by centers in Tennessee and Georgia. That is not to say that Cahokia ruled these areas, or even had direct hands-on influence in their construction. One key identifying the independent rise of the Mississippian centers is the  multiplicity of languages that were used by the Mississippians. Seven distinct language families were used in the Southeast alone (Muskogean, Iroquoian, Catawban, Caddoan, Algonkian, Tunican, Timuacan), and many of the languages were mutually unintelligible. Despite this, most scholars support the centrality of Cahokia and suggest that the different Mississippian polities emerged as a  combination of a product of several intersecting local and external factors. What Connects the Cultures to Cahokia? Archaeologists have identified several traits connecting Cahokia to the vast number of other Mississippian chiefdoms. Most of those studies indicate that Cahokias influence varied over time and space. The only true colonies established identified to date include about a dozen sites such as Trempealeau and Aztalan in Wisconsin, beginning about 1100 AD. American archaeologist Rachel Briggs suggests that the Mississippian standard jar and its usefulness in converting maize into edible hominy was a common thread for Alabamas Black Warrior Valley, which saw Mississippian contact as early as 1120 AD. In Fort Ancient sites, which Mississippian immigrants reached in the late 1300s, there was no increased use of maize, but according to Americanist Robert Cook, a new form of leadership developed, associated with dog/wolf clans and cult practices. The pre-Mississippian Gulf Coast societies seem to have been a generator of artifacts and ideas shared by the Mississippians. Lightning whelks (Busycon sinistrum), a Gulf Coast marine shellfish with a left-handed spiral construction, have been found at Cahokia and other Mississippian sites. Many are reworked into the form of shell cups, gorgets, and masks, as well as marine shell bead making. Some shell effigies made from pottery have also been identified. American archaeologists Marquardt and Kozuch suggest that the whelks left-handed spiral may have represented a metaphor for the continuity and inevitability of birth, death, and rebirth. There is also some evidence that groups along central Gulf Coast made stepped pyramids before Cahokias rise (Pluckhahn and colleagues). Social Organization Scholars are divided on the political structures of the various communities. To some scholars, a centralized political economy with a paramount chief or leader appears to have been in effect at many of the societies where burials of elite persons have been identified. In this theory, political control likely developed over the restricted access to food storage, labor to build platform mounds, craft production of luxury items of copper and shell, and the funding of feasting and other rituals. Social structure within the groups was ranked, with at least two or more classes of people with different amounts of power in evidence. The second group of scholars is of the opinion that most Mississippian political organizations were decentralized, that there may have been ranked societies, but access to status and luxury goods was by no means as imbalanced as one would expect with a true hierarchical structure. These scholars support the notion of autonomous polities who were engaged in loose alliances and warfare relationships, led by chiefs who were at least partly controlled by councils and kin- or clan-based factions. The most likely scenario is that the amount of control held by elites in Mississippian societies varied considerably from region to region. Where the centralized model probably works best are in those regions with clearly evident mound centers such as Cahokia and Etowah in Georgia; decentralization was clearly in effect in the Carolina Piedmont and southern Appalachia visited by 16th-century European expeditions. Sources Alt S. 2012. Making Mississippian at Cahokia. In: Pauketat TR, editor. Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 497-508.Bardolph D. 2014. Evaluating Cahokian Contact and Mississippian Identity Politics in the Late Prehistoric Central Illinois River Valley. American Antiquity 79(1):69-89.Briggs RV. 2017. The Civil Cooking Pot: Hominy and the Mississippian Standard Jar in the Black Warrior Valley, Alabama. American Antiquity 81(2):316-332.Cook R. 2012. Dogs of War: Potential Social Institutions of Conflict, Healing, and Death in a Fort Ancient Village. American Antiquity 77(3):498-523.Cook RA, and Price TD. 2015. Maize, mounds, and the movement of people: isotope analysis of a Mississippian/Fort Ancient region. Journal of Archaeological Science 61:112-128.Marquardt WH, and Kozuch L. 2016. The lightning whelk: An enduring icon of southeastern North American spirituality. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 42:1-26.Pauketat TR, Alt SM, and Kruc hten JD. 2017. The Emerald Acropolis: elevating the moon and water in the rise of Cahokia. Antiquity 91(355):207-222. Pluckhahn TJ, Thompson VD, and Rink WJ. 2016. Evidence for Stepped Pyramids of Shell in the Woodland Period of Eastern North America. American Antiquity 81(2):345-363.Skousen BJ. 2012. Posts, places, ancestors, and worlds: dividual personhood in the American Bottom region. Southeastern Archaeology 31(1):57-69.Slater PA, Hedman KM, and Emerson TE. 2014. Immigrants at the Mississippian polity of Cahokia: strontium isotope evidence for population movement. Journal of Archaeological Science 44:117-127.

Negotiation and Conflict Week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negotiation and Conflict Week 4 - Essay Example The main problem is the isolation of Jerry by other workers due to the aggressive behavior meted against them. There is suspicion of drug usage by Jerry but he has vehemently refused and even stating that the manager is confused Emotions play a significant role in the creation of conflict. People fight because emotions have gotten over them. The evaluation of emotions is vital in the conflict resolution process because it enables the cause of the problem to be identified. Emotions affect how employees relate which may lead to aggression of support. Jerry’s emotional state is not ok leading to regular mood swings and leads to serious challenges for other employees. Positive emotions improve harmony within the teams while also encouraging the development of interpersonal skills. These skills are essential in the communication process because they encourage the development of appropriate working environment. The conflict resolution strategy using the dimensional model To solve th e identified problem, the cognitive and emotional needs, of the team must be evaluated. The major problem with the team is the behavior of a jerry; he has several challenges in personality and communication. The evaluation of the perception of the employees about jerry is vital because negative perception makes a reasonable person incompetent and vice versa. The reasons for the negativity within the employees must be addressed in order to solve the conflict. The main problem with the situation is the perception of the employees in regard to the new changes. The recruitment or the deployment of the sales agents must be evaluated because if the employees feel the Jerry is treated well then, negative perception may develop within the team as a result of the treatment (Bercovitch, Bercovitch, & Jackson, 2009, p. 34). The need for behavior change for Jerry must be addressed in a transparent manner, to ensure the employee understand the change and the reasons for the change. Perception is vital because it affects the emotional balance of the group by influencing the attitude of the employees. During the solution process, any negative perception about Jerry must be countered with the proper data and information, to encourage the development of accommodating environment. The emotional needs of the team must be evaluated in order to develop the necessary support services for the individuals within the team. Unsatisfied team member vent their anger at the each other as such emotional balance within the group is vital. To reduce cases of frustration and anger, delegation and the support of the individual employees is mandatory. Social Styles Model strategy development The social model style approaches conflict resolution using several factors, which include the development of personality and the improvement of the necessary skills. The classification of the team into four groups is essential in the development of the conflict resolution strategy. The concern structure in cludes driving, analytical, expressive and amiable. The model develops ways to which each social style needs to interact thus helping people to adapt each other and ensure harmony. The success of conflict resolution in the case of dispute between Jerry and the employees involves the development of the necessary skills which are vital in the working environment. The model evaluates the responsiveness of the employees to the interaction with others. The model evalua

Medicare and Medicaid Reimbursement to Providers Essay

Medicare and Medicaid Reimbursement to Providers - Essay Example In addition to accurate information, information technology plays a vital role in making Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement process easier and faster. Offices have medical billing software that automatically compile, enter, and format universal outpatient billing claim form; however, changing information technology alone cannot sustain an ease of access in obtaining and sharing health information in the Medicare and Medicaid process, particularly organizational changes about payment. Therefore, this paper will discuss how the organization can have a better payment and communication system through suggesting a constant associate that would deal with the provider’s need for information and designating a certain time frame to receive the payment. The Proposed Change History of the organization and the need for change. The history of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services began when the Medicare and the Medicaid programs were signed into law on July 30, 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. It was then subjected to legislative change by George W. Bush on December 8, 2003 and became the Medicare Modernization Act which has added an outpatient prescription drug benefit to Medicare (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2012, n.p.). ... In addition, it reflects that the comprehensive health reform focuses on a new model for broader payment and delivery system. In relation to the proposed change, the author thought that the organization can have a better system in place when there is a certain time frame to receive the payment and when the same associate communicates information every time a provider calls in to get information about payment, instead of dealing with other associates to start over from the beginning. Assessment revealed that the organization has the need for change to broaden the payment and delivery system and improve care coordination between providers, associates, and settings. Organizational and individual barriers. The presence of individual and organizational barriers hinders the provision of a timely and appropriate Medicaid and Medicare services. Individual barriers include attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, culture, and training of providers and patients while organizational barriers include fina ncing or payment policies (Mauch, Kautz, & Smith, 2008, 11). Receiving reimbursements under Medicaid and Medicaid must be in line with the payment structures, billing methods, state business customs and federal laws and regulations. Under the federal law, there are 12 services which were mandated to provide as a condition of participation in the Medicaid and Medicare program (Mauch, Kautz, & Smith, 2008, 11). It is the State which has the influence towards organizational payment policies and thus, may contribute to the success or failure of the proposed change in the reimbursement process. Restrictions on same-day billing also impede Medicare and

Cost Benefit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cost Benefit - Essay Example In the case stated, reducing expenditures compared to raising taxes have various repercussions even if both course of action are unpopular. Reducing expenditures meant foregoing the opportunity to serve the people and to provide services that could potentially prevent future problems. For example, health care programs could make the population healthier with an implication of lesser health cost in the future. In the case of education, reducing its expenditures may not be immediately felt but it will undermine the country’s competitiveness in the future because it would mean having less educated workforce. Raising taxes however is unpopular. But it will enable the government to fund its social services such as health and education. Excessive taxation however invites social unrest that could defeat its intent to provide services to the people. The repercussion of high taxation is political as policy makers may lose public support and will no longer win in elections. Ultimately, governments have to balance between increasing taxes and reducing social services. Ideally, taxes should be low and social services should be high but that would not be possible since social services is expenditure and it needs income through taxes to fund it. This explains why social services and taxation should be

Literature Review Of Nocturnal Enuresis Health And Social Care Essay

Literature Review Of Nocturnal Enuresis Health And Social Care Essay Review of literature is an essential activity of scientific research project. It helps to familiarise with the practical issue related to the problem and enable the researcher to strengthen the study which helps to reveal the prevailing situation of the similar study. The reviewed literature for this study is presented in the following sections. 2.1 Prevalence and contributing factors of nocturnal enuresis 2.2 Management of nocturnal enuresis 2.1 Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Nocturnal Enuresis: A cross sectional study was conducted on prevalence and risk factors of mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis in school children of Ankara. Among 15150 children, 9% children had mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis.it was found that Frequency was higher in boys than girls. Analysis revealed that gender, toilet training methods , problems of sleep, school performance, and approach of the family members to such children are significant factors. Age, male gender, experience of toilet training with threatening methods, deep sleep, sleep walking,and introverted and shy behavior were significantly increased the risk of nocturnal enuresis (Secil Ozkan, et al., 2010). An epidemiological cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in children 5-14 years in Sudan, 218 children were involved in the study and out of that 33.5% children were found to have nocturnal enuresis. Frequency was high among girls than boys and the prevalence of bedwetting decrease as the age of the child increased from 13.3% at 5-7 years of age to 2-3% at 12-14 years ( Magdi, A. H., 2010). A prevalence study was conducted in Eastern Croatia to establish the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in 6-7 year old child. Factors associated with nocturnal enuresis and parental perception were also evaluated. Parents of 3011 children were included in the study. The prevalence rate is 1.2% and it is significantly more in boys than girls. 68.6% of children had the family history of nocturnal enuresis and only 17.1% of parents expressed some concern about problem on childs future development(Miskulin, M. et al.,2010). A cross sectional study conducted in southeast of Turkey to study the epidemiology and factors associated with nocturnal enuresis among boarding and daytime school children revealed that the overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 14.9%. The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis declined with age. Of the 6 year old children 33.3% had the problem, while the ratio was 2.6% for 15 years-olds. There was no significant difference in prevalence of nocturnal enuresis between boys and girls. Enuresis was reported as 18.5% among children attending day time school and among those 11.5% attending boarding school .Prevalence of enuresis was increased in children who are living in villages, with low income families and who are having positive family history of nocturnal enuresis. After multivariate analysis, history of urinary tract infection, age, low monthly income and family history of enuresis were factors associated with enuresis. 46.4% of parents and 57.1% of enuretic children were signific antly concerned about the impact of enuresis (Ali Gunes, Gulsen Gunes, Yasemin Acik and Adem Akilli, 2009). A descriptive questionnaire based study was done in Africa to evaluate the quality of life and sleep quality and the association between the parameters in children with mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis. 71 children in the age group of 6-15 years were included in the study and it was found that as age of the child and the duration of the problem increases, self esteem, physical wellbeing and friend domains worsens (Ertan,P et al, 2009). A two-stage mental health survey was conducted among 5000 urban children to examine the association between enuresis and psychopathology in urban Ethiopian children. It was found that male sex, younger age and lower achieved were having this problem. Nocturnal enuresis was significantly higher for children in families with significant financial worries and in children from homes where parents were separated. Children with DSM III-R anxiety disorders, mainly simple phobia, or disruptive behaviour disorders were found to have significantly higher rate of enuresis ( Menelik Desta, 2007). A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2007 at Iran to estimate the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and determine associated factors revealed the prevalence of 6.8% among 7562 children. A significant relationship was found between the prevalence of enuresis and age, educational status of parents, number of family enuresis, parenting methods, and deep sleep. Prevalence of urinary tract pathology was 2.9% in enuretic children (Mohammed .R. Safarinejad, 2007). A descriptive study was conducted in India to establish the prevalence of enuresis in school children and to determine contributing factor . Parents of 1473 children aged between 6-10 years were surveyed. The overall prevalence of enuresis was 7.61%. Enuresis was more commonly seen in boys. A positive family history of enuresis was seen in 28.57% children; 14.29% of the children had daytime wetting as well. Only 24.11% of the parents had taken their child to a doctor for the treatment. Family problems,stressors, birth history and lower socioeconomic status were present in the children with enuresis. Poor scholastic performance was also an important factor in this group (Avinash De Sousa, Hema Kapoor, Jyoti Jagtap, Mercilina Sen, 2007). A randomly selected cross-sectional study was conducted from elementary schools in Changhua County, Taiwan, to investigate the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis among children and to evaluate its associated factors and severity. The overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 6.8%. The ratio of male to female was about 1.5. The prevalence of enuresis according to age group declined from 12.5% at 6 years to 2.0% at 12 years. The prevalence of enuresis in the urban area did not show significant difference from that of rural area .The factors associated with enuresis were gender, age, urinary frequency or urgency, heredity,habit of drinking before sleep and difficulty in waking. They showed significant difference after multiple logistic regression analysis (HuiLung Tai, et al., 2006). A case control study consisted of 55 children with nocturnal enuresis from a continence centre and 117 matched controls from a general paediatric practice revealed that breastfeeding protects against the development of bedwetting. Bed-wetting was strongly associated with family history. Approximately 45% of children wet the bed if one parent was enuretic and 75% wet the bed if both parents were enuretic. Twenty-one parents (38%) in the study group and 6 parents (5%) in the control group were enuretic as children (Barone, et al., 2006). An epidemiological study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of nocturnal enuresis (NE) and to examine the prevalence of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms in preadolescent schoolchildren. It was conducted in 6917 school children belonging to 11 primary schools that were randomly enrolled in the survey. They assessed the relationship of nocturnal enuresis with voiding habits, episodes of cystitis and constipation. They found the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis to be 5.9% and inversely related to increasing age. Nocturnal enuresis and overactive bladder were detected in 5.9% and 17.8% of preadolescent and schoolchildren respectively (Kajiwara, et al.,2006). A community survey of enuresis was carried out in 2002 among 300 apparently healthy children aged 5-16 years in Edo State, Nigeria with the aim of ascertaining the true prevalence of the disease and the contributions of organic causative factors. The overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 21.3%. Of the 64 children who were enuretic, 58 (91%) had only nocturnal enuresis.. Combined daytime and night time enuresis accounted for only six (9.4%) cases. Ninety-four percent of cases of enuresis were having primary nocturnal enuresis and only six were having secondary nocturnal enuresis. Prevalence of enuresis decreases significantly with increasing age .There was a strong association between enuresis and family history of bed wetting. Enuresis was more commonly seen in males, in children from families of poor socio-economic status, among first child in the family, and childrenwith asymptomatic bacteriuria (Iduoriyekemwen,N.J.,2006). A cohort study was conducted to determine the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis among 13971 children at 7.5 years old, revealed that 1260 children (15.5%) at 7.5 years wet the bed, but most wet once or less a week. A higher prevalence was reported in boys than girls . 266 children had both daytime wetting and bedwetting, with 189 (2.3%) having both daytime soiling and bedwetting. Daytime urgency of urination increased with severity of bedwetting and occurred in 28.9% of children with nocturnal enuresis (Richard .J. Butler, Jean Golding, Kate Northstone, 2005). A cross sectional population based study was conducted in Turkey to establish the prevalence of enuresis among school children and determine the risk factors associated with this disorder. Among 1576 schoolchildren aged between 6-16 years, the overall prevalence of enuresis was 12.4% and a significant relationship was found between the prevalence of enuresis and age, educational level of father, the familys monthly income, and number of family members. Mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis was found to be more common in boys. Both maternal and paternal low educational status were found to be associated with mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis. It was found to be more common in the children of unemployed mothers. Nocturnal enuresis was found to be more associated with large families (Gur, E. et al., 2004). Community survey of a stratified sample of 400 children in the age group of 6-12 years in United Arab Emirates to determine the prevalence, associated socio demographic variables and associated psychopathology in children with enuresis was found out that nocturnal enuresis was associated with psychosocial stress in the family and positive family history( Eapen ,V., 2003). A randomised controlled trial was done to study self image of children with nocturnal enuresis. 50 sample in the age group of 8-12 years were included. It was found out that children with nocturnal enuresis had low self esteem than others (Theunis,et al.,2002). 2.2 Management of Nocturnal Enuresis: A randomised prospective study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of different modes of combined therapy in children with mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis. One group was treated with primary Desmopressin and another group was treated with primary alarm treatment that was combined with Desmopressin after 3 months. 22(73%) children were dry after combined treatment, consisting of 12boys and 10girls. Combined therapy proved effective in children with mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis after 6 months (Vogt, M., 2010). A cross sectional study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of alarm treatment in a sample of 84 Brazilian children and adolescents with nocturnal enuresis. During 32 weeks, they were received alarm treatment together with weekly psychological support sessions for individual families or groups of 5 to 10 families. 71% of the participants achieved success, by 14 consecutive dry nights. The result was same as that for children and adolescents and for individual or group support (Pereira, R.F., 2010). A descriptive study was designed to evaluate the success rates of the enuretic alarm device in patients (6-16 years) with mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis in Ankara, Turkey. 40 patients who had significant mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis (three or more wet nights per week) were included in the study. They initially used an enuretic alarm for 12 weeks initially. 27 patients became dry at night at the end of three months (Ozgur, B.C., 2009). A randomised control trial conducted in Netherland to assess the short- and long-term effects of simple behavioural interventions for nocturnal enuresis in young children note that nocturnal enuresis occurs in up to 10% of 10-year-old children and that boys have higher rates of enuresis at older ages than do girls. This study compared the relative effectiveness of 3 treatments with a control group. Parents completed diaries detailing night enuresis episodes for up to 6 months after enrolment. The study enrolled 570 participants and 140 to 147 children were there in each of the 4 groups. Sixty percent of the children were male. Success rates at least 14 nights dry in a row at 6 months after enrolment were 21% in the control group, 27% in the lifting with password group, 37% in the lifting without password group, and 32% in the star chart/reward group (Van Dommelen, P., 2009). A prospective study was done to evaluate the long-term success of the enuretic alarm device in patients with mono symptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis in Turkey. Sixty-two children who had significant mono symptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis were included in this study. They used an alarm for 3 months. 15 of the patients did not have benefit from the enuretic alarm. 47 patients benefited from the enuretic alarm. Thirty-one of the 62 patients underwent combination treatment (enuretic alarm plus medical therapy) for unsuccessful enuretic alarm treatment. The full response rate for combination therapy was 16.1%. (Tuncel A, et al., 2008). A randomised controlled trial was conducted to compare alarm interventions with no specific treatment, behavioural interventions, drugs or other treatment for treatment of non-organic nocturnal enuresis in children less than 16 years found that alarms reduced nocturnal enuresis and treatment failure (Glazener, C. M., 2008). A retrospective analysis was performed on data from 423 children in the age group of 6-12 years to evaluate the combination of enuresis alarm and desmopressin in treating children with enuresis found out that 74% of children treated only with alarm became dry and 26% of children being cured by combination of desmopressin and alarm (Kamperis, K., 2008). A randomised controlled trial was done in Turkey to evaluate the effectiveness of short term desmopressin to enuritic alarm. 58 children were included in the study. The results showed that addition of short term desmopressin to alarm therapy was more effective only in the treatment time, but it did not change the response to alarm therapy in long term (Aktas, B. K., 2008). A study was conducted to determine the effect and predictive factors of relapse 1 year after combination therapy of an enuresis alarm, bladder training therapy, motivational therapy and retention control training for nocturnal enuresis. It was done in 77 children at Gasthuisberg. Gender, age, sleep arousal, family-history, bladder capacity, overactive bladder, night-time polyuria, duration of treatment, and psychosocial factors were investigated. The relapse rate during the whole year was 50%, with 33.8% of subjects being dry and 16.2% sometimes wet. The relapse rate after 1 year was 16%. The relapse rate during the treatment year was high, but the relapse rate after 1 year was low.It was found out that psychosocial problems and overactive bladder were the only 2 predictive factors for relapse (Van Kampen M, et al., 2004). A retrospective study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of behavioural therapy for primary nocturnal enuresis.250 children in the age group of 5-17 years were selected for the study it was found out that behavioral therapy is effective than desmopressin (Marcopennes, et al., 2004). In a case-based study, on a 6 year 6 month old child with complaints of bedwetting twice a week, a complete physical examination and history collection was performed. Child was treated with motivational therapy and was recommended parents of the child to be supportive of the patients dry nights avoid criticism of wet nights, avoid excessive fluid intake 2 hours before bedtime and emptying his bladder at bedtime. After 1 month it was found that bedwetting problem had improved significantly (Paredes, 2002). A controlled trial was undertaken to evaluate the practicability and efficacy of treating enuretic children in residential Childrens Homes by using enuresis alarm. An experimental design was employed with 19 and 20 subjects in the treatment and control groups respectively. Eighteen of the nineteen treatment group children achieved initial arrest of enuresis in a mean of 11.9 weeks of treatment (range 5-28 weeks). After a follow-up period of 20 months, 17, out of the 19 children were known to be dry. It was concluded that alarm treatment was effective and practicable in Childrens Homes as in family situations (Jehu, D., 2002). A randomised controlled trial was conducted at Canada to determine the self concept and behaviour change after 6 months of treatment with conditioning alarm. 182 children of age more than 7 years were included and it was found that there is improvement in the childrens self concept after alarm treatment (Longstaff, S., 2000). A randomised prospective study was done in France to compare the effectiveness of desmopressin and alarm treatment. 135 children were included in the study from the age group of 6-16 years. The study results showed that desmopressin was effective only for short term and enuresis alarm was effective for long term (Faraj, G. et al., 1999) A study conducted to find out the effectiveness of star charts among127 children who were referred to an enuresis clinic. The average age of the children who were included in the study was 8.8 years old. Most of them had severe enuresis, which was already unsuccessfully treated. Of the 127 children, 22 became dry when star charts were used to reward their behaviour. Eighty-one of the remaining 96 children had an initial success of 42 consecutive dry nights. Failure to achieve dryness for six months was strongly associated with psychiatric disorders of the children, family stress, and the absence of concern by child and parents (Hanafin, 1998). An experimental study was conducted in United Kingdom to assess the efficacy of alarm mono therapy with combination of alarm and desmopressin. 35 children in the age group of 6-12 years were included in the study. Study showed that children receiving combination therapy had more dry nights per week (Bradburry, M., 1997). A retrospective study among 541 children at childrens Hospital of Florence University revealed that motivational therapy is effective. All the patients have been initially helped only with motivational counseling and 76 among them became dry at nights permanently . The remaining 250 children were treated with the conditioning alarm system, always associated with motivation, urine control exercises and other psychological support like token economy. After a follow-up of 6 months of this kind of treatment ,permanent recovery were there in 211 children (84%).No significant difference was noted in relation to sex. These positive results for the conditioning devices shows that the etiology of primary enuresis is mainly biologic. The bell alarm treatment is the most effective treatment for nocturnal enuresis (Bartolozzi, G., 1991). A study conducted to identify family factors, and with emotional stress factors related to nocturnal enuresis, 127 children who were referred to an enuresis clinic in Sydney were studied. The average age of the children was 8.8 years old. Most of them had severe enuresis and had been already treated unsuccessfully. One-third of the childrens fathers and 70 percent of mothers were unemployed. 41 % of parents acknowledged environmental stresses such as financial or marital disharmony , or serious illness or death in the family.Out of 127 children, 22 became dry when star charts were used to reward their behaviour. Eighty-one of the remaining children had an initial success of 42 consecutive dry nights. The study suggests that the high success rate in these children is related to close supervision by clinical personnel, encouragement by the family, and by giving the child almost complete responsibility for continuing the program. The study suggests that careful identification of associa ted factors like medical illness, familial stress, and other problems such as housing must be addressed as part of an effective enuresis program (Devlin, J.B., 1990).

welfare reform :: essays research papers

divorced, deserted, and minority mothers and their children. Few private and government retirement pensions existed in the United States before the Great Depression. The prevailing view was that individuals should save for their old age or be supported by their children. About 30 states provided some welfare aid to poor elderly persons without any source of income. Local officials generally decided who deserved old-age assistance in their community. The emphasis during the first two years of President Franklin Roosevelt's "New Deal" was to provide work relief for the millions of unemployed Americans. Federal money came to the states pay for public works projects, which employed the jobless. Some federal aid also directly assisted needy victims of the Depression. The states, however, remained mainly responsible for taking care of the unemployables (widows, poor children, the elderly poor, and the disabled). But states and private charities, too, were unable to keep up the support of these people at a time when tax collections and personal giving were declining steeply. In his State of the Union Address before Congress on January 4, 1935, President Roosevelt said â€Å"the time has come for action by the national government" to provide "security against the major hazards and vicissitudes [uncertainties] of life." He went on to propose the creation of federal unemployment and old-age insurance programs. He also called for guaranteed benefits for poor single mothers and their children along with other dependent persons. By permanently expanding federal responsibility for the security of all Americans, Roosevelt believed that the necessity for government make-work employment and other forms of Depression relief would disappear. In his address before Congress, Roosevelt argued that the continuation of government relief programs was a bad thing for the country: â€Å"lessons of history, confirmed by the evidence immediately before me, show conclusively that continued dependence upon relief induces a spiritual and moral disintegration fundamentally destructive to the national fiber. To dole out relief in this way is to administer a narcotic, a subtle destroyer of the human spirit . . ..† A few months later, on August 18, 1935, Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act. It set up a federal retirement program for persons over 65, which was financed by a payroll tax paid jointly by employers and their workers. FDR believed that federal old-age pensions together with employer-paid unemployment insurance (also a part of the Social Security Act) would provide the economic security people needed during both good and bad times.

Families in a Modern Society-Victorians

Victorian Times- 1837-1901 What do Victorian times mean? Victorian times means during Victoria's rule. The time Queen Victoria was on the throne. She ruled for 64 years. What was it like living in the Victorian times? There was no electricity, instead gas lamps or candles were used for light. There were no cars. People walked, travelled by boat or train or used coach horses to move from place to place. Why are the Victorians so famous? Britain managed to build a huge empire during the Victorian period. It was also a time of tremendous change in the lives of British people.In 1837 most people lived in villages and worked on the land; by 1901, most lived in towns and worked in offices, shops and factories. During Queen Victoria's reign: †¢Britain became the most powerful and richest country in the world, with the largest empire that had ever existed, ruling a quarter of the world's population. †¢Towns and cities got piped water, gas and, by the end of the century, electricity †¢The number of people living in Britain more than doubled from 16 million to 37 million, causing a huge demand for food, clothes and housing. Factories and machines were built to meet this demand and new towns grew up, changing the landscape and the ways people lived and worked. †¢Railways, originally built to transport goods, meant people could travel easily around the country for the first time. Railways brought new foods to towns and cities. †¢Many households had a servant or servants – in 1891, 2 million servants were recorded in the census †¢Seaside holidays were ‘invented' (became popular). †¢Police Force ‘invented'. †¢New cookers and gadgets for the home were invented.What was Family life like during the Victorian times? Your quality of life during the Victorian times depended on whether you were rich or poor. Rich Victorians enjoyed a good and easy life; Poor Victorians had a rough and hard life, often ending up in the workh ouse or early death. How many children did a normal Victorian family have? Families were usually large; in 1870 many families had five or six children. Victorian Children Life was not the same for all children during the Victorian times. The kind of life a child had in the Victorian times depended on its family.Children from working class families had few luxuries, ate poor food, worked long hours lived in damp, filthy conditions, many children died of disease. Children from rich families usually well fed, clean and well clothed, didn’t need to work, went on holidays, had expensive toys, and had pets such as ponies. What did child call his/her father? They called their fathers ‘sir ‘Each member of the family had their own role and children were taught to â€Å"know their place† and â€Å"be seen and not heard. Religion Region was very important to the Victorians.A great number of people went to church, at least once and probably twice, every Sunday. Food At the beginning of the Victorian period, people relied on the foods that were in season and available locally or those which had been pickled or preserved. Later, when the railways were built, many new fresh foods were available. The invention of the steam ship, and of transport refrigeration, meant that also meat, fish and fruit could be imported from overseas quite cheaply.There were no fridges and freezes in the homes to keep food for a long time, so meals were limited by small shops. Clothing Victorian people dressed appropriately to their age, and position in society Toys Poor families made their own, such as cloth-peg dolls and paper windmills. Rich Children Girls played with dolls and tea sets whilst boys played with toy soldiers and marbles. Housing Most cities and towns were not prepared for the great increase of people looking for accommodation to live near their work place.There was a shortage of houses; so many people had to share a room in other people’s houses. Rooms were rented to whole families or perhaps several families. Often ten or twelve people shared one room. If there were no rooms to rent, people stayed in lodging houses. Many factory owners built houses for their workers near their factories. The houses were built close together really quickly and cheaply. These houses often had two rooms downstairs and two rooms upstairs. They were not really big enough for the large families people tended to have during the Victorian time.The houses also did not have running water and toilets. Up to 100 houses had to share an outdoor pump to get their water and share an outside toilet. To make things worse, the water from the pump was often polluted. 21st century The 21st century is the current century (today) What is it like living in the 21st century times? We live in an exciting time. Never before in the history are there so many resources available for individuals. Never before in the history are there so many opportunities for us. Here, in the 21st century, lack of resources or opportunities is no longer a problem.The problem is how to take advantage of them We now have electricity, instead of gas lamps or candles. We have gas central heating for instant hot water and heat at the touch of a button. We have cars and public transport, people seldom walk. What is Family life like during the 21st century times? A mixture of different families in the modern society defines the 21st century life. One parent families, dysfunctional families, traditional families, nuclear families and reconstituted families. How many children are normal for the 21st century family have? Families of the 21st Century come in all shapes and sizes.Divorce, remarriage, parenting out-of-wedlock and a host of other variables have turned nuclear families into the exception rather than the norm. 21st Century Children The twenty-first century is known for its cool gadgets and gizmos MP3 Players, iPhones, DVD's. The surge in Internet use and social n etworking. From Facebook to My space, everyone is online, and hooking up with other likeminded individuals from all over the planet. Another important technological phenomenon is the widespread use of wireless technology. Children have many luxuries, eat well, do not work, go on holidays, have expensive toys, many have pets.Children live in clean, humane conditions; have vaccinations and medicines to protect against disease. Laws are in place to protect the health and safety of children. Food Improving people's health through healthy foods available 24-7 from supermarkets where everything is provided and available. Local shops are also available and Take always and cafes etc. For eating out. Clothing Ready to wear industry, expensive and unique fashion styles. Housing Housing is now provided by the local council for you and your family, sharing with other families and overcrowding is against the law.