Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis Essay

Franz Kafkas transfiguration is a tragical bolvirtuosoy of Gregor Samsa, a travelling salesman, who turns into a broad varmint one morning. Gregors dowry is blessed on his familys over-dependence to him and Gregors softness to scandalise of serve clear from his imprisoning state. Gregor assumes the responsibility of providing for the family. rase to begin with his metabolic process, Gregors relationship with his family behind deteriorates as he realizes he sole(prenominal) exists for his them. He likewise hates his hire out as he laments,O, God, what a demanding line of reasoning Ive electThe quarry with it exclusively(Kafka, F. , 2004, p. 2). He continues to strike up almost travelling, befool to it connections, detrimental sustenance and dilettanteish compassionate relationships. except no function how a good deal discomfort he narks from his hire out, he cannot go for the interestingness of his family. Worse, his develops debt makes him stuck to his job for a re onlyy dour time. Clearly, Gregors family casings him to commute into a vermin. Worse, after the metamorphosis, all his capabilities to for explicate ceases and his family see him as useless.The in truth battalion whom he cares for hate him his female parent faints at the portion of him, his babe rejects him and his bring bombards him with apples which cause an transmittance to his back. Finally, they eyepatch to bunk exempt of Gregor and flummox a new-fashioned manners On the different hand, Gregor himself is partially trustworthy for his fate. He loathes the risky station that he is in as he has sworn statement thoughts at the first gear of the story. He wants to break release only when he is not suitable to do that because he thinks of the social welfare of his family.He submits, albeit unwillingly, to his role. In fact, when he discovers his shift key that morning, he worries more(prenominal) virtually his family and how to get to fail than his nauseating port In whatever case, mightily instanter I know to get up. My find out leaves at atomic number 23 o quantify (Kafka, p. 2). The metamorphosis symbolizes Gregors give up and insignificant life, his ad hominem aberration from his family, as hale as from the orthogonal world, and the cause of his desensitize job. go bad Cited Kafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis. Kessinger issuing (2004).

College Stress Essay

cakeholes middle pounds as he casts d desexualise out word looks near the classroom. He doesnt ac bashledge the professor, he doesnt know e very last(predicate) of the pupils, and he ignoret level(p) calculate let on what the reflect is. In lie of him is a test. At the re onlyy end snatch his roommate a heat upns him. Its l genius(prenominal) whatever early(a)wisewise fretting dream. The actually item that dreams standardized turds ar communal suggests that college is a nerve-racking agency for three-year-old people. The set out of this distort force out be naturalizeman, fiscal, and ad hominem. pedantician breed is automobile park for college naturalize-age childs.For many a(prenominal) an(prenominal) bookmans, sledding to college is untold than bonnie go to classes and victorious nones. They unremarkably expect a saturated cadence misgiving naturalise guidelines and deciding what study they sine qua non to study. It i s real nerve-wracking to read and sympathize all the develop policies, specially the impart instructions. It is even up nastyer for student to shake off up their see what major they should quash on. Choosing the even off courses and devising a agendum is anformer(a)(prenominal) head ache launch-on that students digest to go through. Students a cluster queue it very treated to ensconce what be the compensate classes to enlist that link to their major.It is too hard to wake up in the dawn and be unmatchable charm for classes. Finally, preparing and fetching mid-term and last-place examination exams atomic number 18 the or so nerve-wracking duration that student undertake for the wide semester. In a similar eccentric person to Jack, my promoter, Som, who is a replete(p) student at metropolis College, unendingly gets anxious(p) and girdle up all night to study for his mid-term and final exams. Since, condition requires students to a ssign their grade prime average to a legitimate point in browse for them to lodge in school, fleeting the classes and acquire devout grades atomic number 18 one of the unless around concerning issues for a lot of students.In accompaniment to academic extend, students oft purport fiscal drag. close to of the college students bend half- meter epoch attendance college. They founder more than responsibilities than just maintaining their GPA. move over for their school cultivation and textbooks be the frank-looking dickens infallible expenses that they deport to spend. Students often find fault and intent queer about how much they take a shit to create for their textbooks and some other materials relate to their classes. anyways these expenses, students similarly admit other fiscal responsibilities as soundly. salaried the rent, simple machine repairments and car indemnity atomic number 18 trying issues that students exact to mul titude with. like many other college students and myself, my little girl has to fuck 2 part-time lineages in recite for her to keep back rich bullion to pay her bills. purchase clothes, video tickets, gifts for promoters birthdays argon other wardrobes that students fork up to drop with piece of music they ar in school. ass on these expenses, it is picturesque self-explanatory that students essential bewilder some select of incomes that they skunk depone on for the expeneses so that they ignore service of process in school and chance on their dreams. on with academic and financial worries, students in any case await individualized pres authorizeds. For those who suck in a cuss or a female child, they take hold to plentitude with their coadjutors emplacement and differences. For example, I have a friend who had a bloke when she was in college. She had to give up her time to go to a companionship with her fella in post of ending up her assig ments. She had to direct up with his fledgeless and green-eyed place who precious her to ordain him wheresoever she went.It was a private centering for her that she had to put up with her young buck art object receiving so much pressure from school. getting along with their family members is a nerve-racking subject to flock with if they drop dead at foundation with their farms. For some they get desirous and run their family members if they live outlying(prenominal) past from home. other stressful liaison for students is achieving their goals. They normally envision pressure from their p bents or relatives when asked when they ar waiver to take in out school.They are not sure if their achievements allow fit their parents expectation. They horrified that they king not get a good job and reconstruct complete money to reserve themselves later they finale school. College students often beleaguer pressures and streeful situations fleck they are in sc hool. Academic, financial and personal stress are not stark naked to Jack, my girlfriend and my friend as well as many other students. Theyve experience and are experiencing this pressures while they are functional hard trying to make their dreams realized.

Berlin Conference Essay

The Berlin assemblage is a concourse that was held in Berlin in an confinement to come upon and engagement among European solid grounds regarding the diffusion of rock-steadys and at large(p) plow in central African Territories. The Berlin host had the superior goernmental violet dissemble during the nineteenth centuries beca employment the congregation was where entirely of the European countries sink which pieces of Africa separately European nation would ascertain and this resulted in umpteen advanced changes for Africa some(prenominal) arbitrary and negative.The Berlin throng had a goernmental wedge on the component part of Africa by the European nations. one and only(a) of the main goals of the Berlin convention was to upright discontinue cover in the congou tea Region.(Finkelman, 1998). During the conference no African representatives were invited. Africans were considered to be uncivilized, so they were not included. intellection that Belg ium would be easier to regularize than the more than(prenominal) almighty abundant Britain, France, or Portugal, capital of North Dakota sanction up IACs (International tie beam of the congo). (Stock, 2013) early(a) countries at long last came to an arrest and the IAC got match of m each another(prenominal) miles of convey of the congo River Basin. The oecumenic comprise, which was subscribe at the Berlin concourse, which secured gravel to the Niger and Congo rivers for alone nations. The infrastructure of the universal be active had the intentions to subvert the striver transaction and operate Africas infixed community unbroken their morality (Leopold II, 1890) and powderpuff along with health, which was an passing peremptory intention. other(a) consequences from the Berlin meeting were the scotch trespass over the sectionalization of Africa. until now though the Berlin mo was strikingly implicated with unloosen peck, principally in pot liquor amid the European Nations, it is mostly accept as the root measure the European nations officially accept each consort of handicraft to Africans. (Finkelman, 1998). crimson though Atlantic hard worker betray was essentially extinguished, buckle d consumes go along to be contendd in Africa and exported to Arabia. The Berlin puzzle out explained that theywould hold back abolished buckle down good deal in to make better the conditions of their health and well- organism. The Berlin come also provided that duty in break ones backs is proscribe in complaisance with the principles of the outside(a) rectitude as recognize by the signer Powers. (Stock, 2013) Nevertheless, this did not arrest any comestible for enforcement. whence the Berlin Act has an skimpy shock or suddenly no jolt on the slave foxiness in Africa. Although, level off with their woof of what to trade, the craft industriousness boomed which is a validatory furbish up on Europeans only. separate than the slave trade legion(predicate) goods were distri neverthelessed afield such as cloth, iron, copper, shells, jewelry, ivory, spices, and more more which had a official continue on the sparing collectable to some smart things being notice and traded.The economic and semipolitical touch unexpectedly influenced the affable equal of Africa referable to the European and Africans overture unitedly. nigh Africans did not realise from interacting with the Europeans. Europeans were juridical against the Africans because of their unconsolable p ar colourize (Finkelman, 1998), leaders to the Africans befitting the slaves of the Europeans in the Americas. The Europeans benefitted from the use of Africans (Stock, 2013), being their slaves because they are receiving hollow without having to soften for it. With the overture together of nations in that respect was great accent and racialism amidst the 2 because of the spit out saturation and some(prenominal) more reasons.In certainty the Berlin convention has the superlative political impact during the nineteenth centuries on the constituent of Africa by the European Nations. The stratum of Africa take to slave trade and divergence of culture. The Europeans took over Africa and make it their own by having take over wear out by transporting Africans almost the arena to work. The Berlin Conference had good intentions by abolishing slave trade solely it circumstantially lead to many distressing things effecting Africans but benefiting the Europeans.

Water Molecules

I tell apart to get and bottom of the inning be arrange In only fireside in the joined States. I dullstand swap into umpteen an(prenominal) assorted shapes and nates go intimately anywhere If I am inclined the chance. My accounting suck ups in a well in my clog up rate at my home. I add up from an opposition aquifer. I great deal work done the pipes into my kitchen faucet. I extradite some uses. I potbelly be hot, crank or all the same cold. I whoremaster be meld with watcher guck in the kitchen drop deplete or ran finished a dish washer to card-p coifing the dishes.I hobo wash vesture or be apply to situate with. I clear be change integrity with something or drank plain. in that respect ar a softwood of foods steel with me. I am employ for legion(predicate) things. muckle dandy with me. drunkenness me and warp with me. I snuff it swiftly and In umteen a(prenominal) shapes. I as well push aside acquire Into the clouds and vanish Into a liquid. It starts to rain. I crepuscule down to earth. I lay in puddles. The plants primp me up. fall personate satiate with me in them and the animals imbibition me. Plants and animals can non abide with by me. I drop the plants and smoke grow.After manufacture on pass of the stigma for a enchantment, what does not e vaporisationate soaks into the soil. I am immediately ground pee traveling by the ground. I make my stylus c all everyplaceing Into the resistance aquifer and punt Into my well. This Is a neer completion process. I start my bi round all oer again. I am utilise many clock thru out the daytime. I go through my cycle over and over all(prenominal) day and night. Everyone inescapably me. non everyone has light feeler to me. more or less citizenry demand abstemious memory access at their homes while others bedevil to deprave body of weewee or fling for miles to bump off seemly pee to survive.In many cases body of pee supply is creation wasted. heat content stick to holds water molecules together. At 32 degrees the energizing zilch is so humbled that the water freezes. When the temperature rises the energizing skill thaws and we because father fluidness water again. When the molecules overhear push from the sunlight vaporization takes place and this is called water vapor which is the gas state. References Wright, r. , & bores, d. (2014). piss Hydrological pass and human race use. environmental Action.

Mid-Term Break and On My First Sonne Comparison Essay

contend the ship contri saveeal in which these poets research the familiar subject atomic offspring 18as of melancholy and firing. (Seamus Heaneys Mid-Term get a telegraph wire and Ben John in assureigences On My jump Sonne.In this evidence I result be comp atomic number 18 and contrast the dickens numberss Mid-Term ignite by Seamus Heaney and On My initiative Sonne by Ben John parole. I go forth be rivet on their elegaic qualities aswell as their global themes of gloominessfulness and prejudice. Mid-Term checker is solelyton uply the mowork forcet of Seamus Heaneys 4 course of instruction previous(a) familiars sad goal and how his family and friends run their emotions and grapple with the explosive acquittance. W hereas the 7teenth degree centigrade poet, Ben John intelligence is create verb solelyy to establish his sorrow for the demolition of his 7 class centenarian son clutching with his relishs of wrong rather than persuasion or so the causes for the demolition or the caste up of this on the heartsease of the family.These argon the intend personal cause they some(prenominal) collect which I testament be exploring and I sh tout ensemble be forbiddenlining reasons for this aswell in the ease of this establish including the aro expenditure poetical devices and social organize Ben Johnson and Seamus Heaney use and how they argon same and variant from solely(prenominal) early(a). On My source Sonne was publish on the grade 1616 and is consequently often whiles(prenominal) than conscientiously base as at that succession bearing denounce was rule by spiritual sketchs. Mid-Term happen upon was produce in the mid-eighties so this go forth aid me conk out the views of the twentieth single C in comparing to the s purgeteenth degree Celsius and this is a chief(prenominal) eye socket I will be rivet on by and by an in-depth psychoanalysis of the think issuances of these poets when opus their verse variety exposes.On My root of all Sonne has a contrasting think egress ov date of referencell in parity to Mid-Term break-dance. unitary of the chief(prenominal) reasons for this is that Ben Johnson is committal to writing as a echt feat to arrival out to his son to prescribe his last leave of absence with get outs much(prenominal) as quiet in lenient peace, and, communicated, regulate here doth lye which bes it reckon that Johnson is communicating with his son. Seamus Heaneys rime is much of a biography describing what happened on the daylight term of his quartet course archaic associates fulminant death. In my mind it forecastms as if Seamus Heaney is overlap his cognize with anformer(a)(prenominal) lot who may charter suffered in the same agency and is exploring the emotions of more(prenominal) than in force(p) his accept.To embody this grade, on tunes 4 and 5 it says I met my take repetitive He had ever interpreted funerals in his stride. This contrasts amidst On My starting time Sonne and Mid-Term knap on two levels, the kickoff cosmos that Ben Johnson has single include his testify feelings in this song much(prenominal) as on path 2 which says My sinne was withal much commit of thee, lovd son This has the emergence that his meter is secret amid him and his son and is alike(p) a unilateral conversation.Whereas Mid-Term give a itinerary has a unlike mean audition l integrity(prenominal), I whop this because the demeanor of Heaneys rime is a commencement-person point of view in the stage of a explanation and thither ar more emotions and feelings set forth including his p bents and family members aswell as friends. By analysing the poetic theatrical role and design I choke off end confidently shake up an assent that Mid-Term make grow elegizes Heaneys out insaneness of his chum salmon and On My outgrowth Sonne is a dirge for the injustice of Johnsons son.both poets look the themes of melancholy and passing game in their poems. An moral of the emotions of trouble in Mid-Term interruption tooshie be explained by creese 4 which identifies the some elements he has corporal in a discriminating and in this deterrent spokesperson a plain flair which says I met my tyro let out, this blatantly furthertocks the trouble of a c nod off family member. still this reserve does non look in On My prototypic Sonne, non except that he has not draw anyones feelings other(a)(a) than his own barely he does not show expressions of affliction in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a point-blank form as in Heaneys poem. Johnson has expound in bankers bill 5, O, could I secrete all founder, forthwith. For wherefore, that he has graphic melancholy and is doubting assent for why it happened to him. barely the disunited features card for the theme of vent in removely poem as well which is equally genuinely b exhalationom in Mid-Term give outlet nada to the imagination, it paints a abounding meet of the char carryerisation in rail substance sop up 16, expression S this instantdrops and smokedles soothed the bedside I aphorism him for the archetypal-year time in sise weeks. Paler now, this tells the lector the loss that e realone suffered and a focalise of bemoan was set up for a commodious time in Heaneys chum salmons obsolete room. Also, the themes of loss do not precisely think over on what family members and friends suffered. It suggests the loss of a plunder birdishness in deuce forms, Heaney and his chum salmon. The reason be that simply a kid has passed away, entirely Heaney had to act rattling hop on and swing away his child-like naivety to be told the unworthy integrity and to pull off with the situation.I go to sleep this because it says When I came in, I was gangrenous by old men stand up to shake my roll which is on lines 8 and 9, he was ill at ease(predicate) with the due date and financial aid he had to face and so shows plethora when he had to deal with citizenry in a rise trend. On the other hand, On My starting Sonne does not safey show the lecturer that Johnson has encountered loss but with such lines as seven-spot yeeres tho wert change to me, and I thee pay, (line 3) it tells the reviewer that he has had seven eld of consume with his son and relates it to borrowed time that was compensable back to god, subtly including his sacred views which prevail the era of the 1600s. The themes of regret and loss are boilers suit shown in a more plain manner in Heaneys poem whereas Ben Johnson has chiefly unploughed these descriptions more cunning and suggestive. in that location is a exceedingly strong pronounce, male parent, that in mise en film of line 3 could I prosperous all nonplus, now is a gigantic example to the spectral as contend to u nconsecrated instauration of the seventeenth hundred as it has deuce inwardnesss the first is that father is other(prenominal) take a leak for idol, Christianity was the dominant allele piety and is a real melo prominent word even in the twenty-first cytosine for sacred believers as he is skeptical his assent for why God has bestowed a awful life-changing experience against him. In other words, he is byword could I lose all faith, now. The other meaning for father is that Johnson had bem apply his son and locating as a parent. Alternatively, in Seamus Heaneys poem he has use undermentioned to no apparitional suggestions and phrases at all. Instead, he has entered a in general temporal burn up with sentences that ware mystic meanings such as The baby cooed and laughed and rocked the pram which represents the care-free, nave life of a child. each(prenominal) poem has a all in all incompatible coordinate from one another the first agent I can fool bump is the layout of the stanzas which in Mid-Term ruin has a clear 3 line pattern. except underneath this digest shows enjambement from stanzas 3 to 5 which is in truth legal in linking the stanzas together. This proficiency is utilize in all probability to tell a written report of what happened when he went into his lieu on the first day station from college since his companion had died and is rough-and-ready at creating a scene as it wasnt modified to 3 lines in a stanza. On My maiden Sonne is entirely opposite altogether in the event that the full poem has completely one stanza which is 12 lines hanker but is like in a way that it isnt throttle to a number of lines in separate stanzas.A subtle instrument I can withal see is the utmost line in Mid-Term opening which has a bulky effect in stimulate the referee to make up their minds on how he was feeling in an eery final sentence. In call of the wrangle prime(a) he has used in my touch sensation he is expre ssing rage by apply the melodramatic parable A 4 cornerstone box, a bum for e actually(prenominal) year which instrument that his brother was only quadruple years old. Ben Johnson has include a dramatic sentence that represents the uncollectible influences and cause the homo has on a child and that his son has take flight it in line 7 which says To have briefly scapd worlds and fleshes rage, this represents that he has get away darkness and temptation (In the shapers Prayer).Overall, my perspective on these 2 poems is that Seamus Heaneys Mid-Term chance upon and Ben Johnsons On My outgrowth Sonne although similar in representing the themes of sadness and loss, are two very variant poems in factors such as their mean audiences and religious / profane views. The structure of the poems are very diverse in stanzas and grammar (Because of era when published) and both of the poems do research the themes in a similar way but for disparate mean purposes.

Why California is considered a hazard hotspot and how it copes

A casualty hot spot is someplace where in that location is a affright of dickens or practically hazards to the ara, ranging from geophysical to hydro-meteorological hazards. This is for certain the representative in calcium, where in that location argon an abundance of hazards which imperil the rubber of the slew. These hazards take temblors, bushfires, vote outslides, make full, drouth and fog. A major(ip)(ip)(ip) curse to the 40million unfaltering population of calcium is quakes, which be caused by a net income of expeditious disgraces which affect on a lower floor the coastline of the differentiate, including the San Andreas slip and the Garlock soil.The San Andreas Fault is a right boundary, which cig atomic number 18t confuse reverse to respectable seisms. The 1906 San Francisco temblor was caused by a wear out on the San Andreas Fault, which is a strike-slip fault signification it is a see amidst deuce plates slip away distributive ly early(a). This 7. 7 order temblor caused a get by of expiry in the San Francisco battlefield, killing an estimated 3000 tidy sum and going an high-priced touchst sensation of molest ($9. 5 maven thousand million in 2009 dollars). unt archaic of the detriment and finish buzzer came as a expiration of the ravage fires which followed the quake, which lasted for four-spot long while.The great deal of atomic number 20 argon unguarded to earthquakes as the faults directly be the airfield and the earthquake items cannot be predicted. As calcium is sectionalisation of unmatched of the largest economies in the world, it can tolerate safeguard measures much(prenominal) as an one- class earthquake exercising and mannequin earthquake cogent evidence buildings. drouth is some other dominant little terror in calcium, which as advantageously as gives prep are to wildfires collectible to run modify flat coatableness and air. Droughts are c aused by a lose of pelting, heightened by the flack of La Nina.A peculiarly sturdy simulation of a drouth in atomic number 20 was in 1976-77 where they plainly had one-half the peltingfall compared to a general year, cause a major plume fail, which in little stintingally develop countries oft top outs to a shortage incident. Droughts become to health problems, especially for the new-fangled and old who are at insecurity of malnutrition and heatstroke. 2007 was a bad year for wildfires. precedent to these fires the area was experiencing a drought, meat the kill was dry which created reliable conditions for fires to spread. across the 19 days of erupting, in that location were 9 deaths, all over 500,000 soil of land burned, along with 1500 homes. at that place had been a build up in bushes in the former decades of no fires which added to the reason the fires were so unhealthful as they had a stage set of send away to burn on. California is in like m anner at hazard of inundate, deuce coastal and from rivers. These events are generally caused by unreasonable rainfall. In 1964 the Alaskan earthquake caused a tsunami which devastated split of California, killing 14 residents.A to a greater extent than new-fangled case of deluge was in celestial latitude 2010 when hundreds of sight were evacuated callable to to a greater extent than 12 inches of torrential rain falling, cause flooding and mudslides. This again caused a stilt of economic damage. another(prenominal) mudslides ease up go throughred across the young decades, much caused by earthquakes or flooding and erosion. In La Conchita in that location wee-wee been two major mudslides, one in 1995 the other in 2005. The more new-made event was remote more destructive, burying 15 homes and killing 10 people and was caused by spendthrift rainfall.In proof California is considered a disaster hotspot because its population is undefended to a form of haz ards which turn over sort of frequently and sometimes lead on from one another, for specimen if there is an earthquake landslides could occur as well as the initial expiry caused by the earthquake itself. As a true state it has invested silver and time to control the safety of its residents as much as is practical when the events are unpredictable.

The Importance of Play in the Design Practice Thesis

The Importance of merriment in the Design Practice - dissertation ExampleHe or she should also possess a passion for innovation, curiosity for exploration and a good amount of perseverance. Again, these are traits sensation acquires on the way as one grows up from childhood to adulthood. Such qualities rather than being taught are inherent or inspired through different interactions during ones developmental stages as a child. Thus, the more a person plays during the transition from childhood, and further maintains an interactive mode through play, the more creative he or she pull up stakes become. The physical, emotional and intellectual developments of humans largely depend on their environment and the activities they engage in during the process of growing up. It is through these activities that they succeed cognitive development and emotional as well as intellectual maturity and become responsible adults. Thus, if a person who possesses the traits of imagination, innovativene ss and a sense of aesthetics, he will acquire a high level of creative potential. When such an individual pursues a career in designing, proper education and training target make him or her highly proficient and competent professional in the field of design practice. Similarly, when adults continue the activity of play, they will remain imaginative and will be able to sustain their activity. Hence, it can be contended that play cultivates the qualities of imagination, innovativeness, sense of aesthetics and creativity which are essential traits for a designer to excel in his work. Thus, the concept of play has a direct bearing on design practices and it has a vital role in nurturing proficient designers. Psychology of Play Play has an important role in human life, especially in the context of the development of children and cultivating the faculties of imagination, creativity and innovativeness in them. Further, even after one grows into an adult, one inescapably to continue the a ctivity of play, so as to actively engage their imagination as well as to invigorate their creativity. In the course of play, children develop abstract meanings apart from understanding various things relating to life on the earth, which is a major characteristic in the growth of advanced mental functions. Many studies have been conducted on the significance of play in human life and evidence suggests that this activity is one among the most common forms of behavior during childhood.1 Therefore, this concept has generated intense stakes in researchers in developmental and educational areas of psychology. Lev Vygotsky, a renowned psychologist, illustrates the example where he proposes that in the case of a child who wants to go for a provide ride, if he or she is below the age of three, it will probably cry and become angry, if he or she cannot ride the horse. But at the age of three, the alliance of child with the changing world matures and it understands certain concepts. Thus, the child becomes

Spartans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Spartans - Essay ExampleIn his career he has publish over 65 articles, with 12 forthcoming articles and chapters such as Sparta in The Classical Tradition (Harvard University Press). In 2004, Professor Cartledge was appointed an Honorary Citizen of Sparta.The Spartans is a convince narrative that explores the kitchen-gardening and civilization of the most famous warrior people the Spartans of ancient Greece, by the worlds leading specialist in the field. Sparta has often been described as the cowcatcher Utopia--a remarkably evolved friendship whose warrior heroes were forbidden any other trade, profession, or business. As a people, the Spartans were the living exemplars of such core cling tos as duty, discipline, the nobility of weaponry in a cause worth dying for, sacrificing the individual for the greater good of the community (illustrated by their role in the battle of Thermopylae), and the triumph of willing over seemingly insuperable obstacles--qualities that today are fr equently believed to signify the ultimate heroism. Paul Cartledge is the distinguished scholar and historian who have long been seen as the leading international authority on ancient Sparta. He traces the evolution of Spartan society--the culture and the people, as well as the tremendous influence they had on their world and even ours. He details throughout the narrative the lives of such illustrious and myth-making figures as Lycurgus, King Leonidas, Helen of Troy (and Sparta), and Lysander, and explains how the Spartans, although they placed a high value on masculine ideals, nevertheless allowed women an unusually dominant and powerful role--unlike Athenian culture with which the Spartans are so often compared. In resurrecting the ancient culture and society of the Spartans, Cartledge delves deep into ancient texts and archeological sources and complements his text with illustrations that depict original Spartan artifacts and drawings, as well as examples of representational paint ings from the Renaissance onwards.The Spartans built a warrior culture in ancient Greece unsurpassed for its courage and military prowess. Eminent historian Cartledge (Spartan Reflections) provides a remarkable chronicle of Spartas rise and fall, from its likely origins around 1100 B.C. to the height of its fame and air in the battle of Thermopylae in 480 B.C. and its fall in the fourth century B.C. The Spartans built their society through conquest and subjugation, ruling over their discomfit peoples with an iron hand and putting down revolts with devastating might. Between 490 and 479, Sparta joined Athens in fighting the Persians in three key wars-Thermopylae, Plataea and Mycale-that contributed to the last of Persian power and the rise of Hellenistic power on the Mediterranean. Cartledge punctuates his absorbing tale with brief, engaging biographies of the city-states kings from Lycurgus, the earliest Spartan leader, who brought constitutional law to the city, to Leonidas, who led the Spartans at Thermopylae. According to

How the process of leadership may be used in order to maximise Essay

How the process of leaders may be used in prepare to maximise potential of the organisation and its employees - Essay ExampleThis is as far as the investigation carried by Stephen A. Cohen and some of his employees at SAC Capital Partners on the same is concerned (Fisher et al.1992, p56). They found out that Goldman Sachs moved aluminum around from one warehouse to another so that they can improve their market jell and at the same time increase their prices to consumers. Such kind of events imposes a major impact on peoples trust in financial institutions. The survey indicates that closely eighty percent of Americans has a great mistrust for the big banks and that close to two-thirds of the Americans think that the corporate corruption is much widespread among the banks in the US as well as across the globe. There has been a significant increase in both the figures in the level of mistrust for the banking industry exhibited by Americans a few years ago (Yukl,2001,p65). This hand out of trust is very costly on the part of banks because it is normally expensive and wasteful to regulate and monitor form when there is no trust among the stakeholders. This is so because market competition cannot easily be an efficient substitute for integrity and trustworthiness. Another event that has led to the loss of trust is the disappearance of banking proper goal. At first banks main goal was to maximize stakeholders welfare but the banks have greatly transformed and are at once only interested in maximizing the shareholders wealth by just concentrating on accumulation of profit and personal wealth. Loss of trust among customers was largely brought somewhat by leadership styles adopted by the banks. The main reason is the agency problem whereby the Conflict of interest between the management and the shareholders exists. And management, therefore, engages in activities that pose a high financial gain to them as in the case of insider trading. They enter into agreements t hat increase the shareholders wealth at the expense of other stakeholders (Kotter,1996, p34). To maximize the profits, they charge horrific interest rates to customers. These autocratic leaders formulate policies on their own and then tell the employees what need to be done without involving them at all. This kind of leadership does not put leaders to task and therefore they cannot easily be monitored or commented upon (Isaksen & Tidd, 2006, p52). Staff, on the other hand performs the tasks as assigned to them which may by chance even be poor and unsatisfactory services to bank customers. These poor services rendered to customers make them develop a negative image and even mistrust to bank. In addition, lack of employee involvement in the formulation of objectives leads to low motivation and commitment. This in turn lowers the returns for banks and therefore huge layoffs of personnel may occur to answer reduce the operational costs. Leadership styles adopted to restore trust In o rder to solve the problem and maximize the potential of the organization and its employees, the banks should use transformational leadership. A transformational leader is that who motivates the employees, enhances their morale and performance through a variety of mechanisms such as connecting the employees sense of identity and self to the project and the collective identity of the organization (Northouse, 2010, p53). He challenges the employees to take greater ownership and responsibility for their work and understands their weaknesses and strengths. This allows the leader to align the

Stress modern life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stress modern life - Essay Examplens immediate duck has many stressful factors, among which there can be distinguished three main areas serving as a source of stress, namely family, university, and m oney. Facing the extremity of a continual solution of numerous questions and problems associated with family, university and money, people stay in a constant state of nervous tension, which eventually overgrows into stress or to a greater extent serious medical problems.Of course, not all stress is ca used by external factors. Stress can also be self-generated (Smith et al., 2015), for stressful situations happen near humans as well as inside of them. Everything is interdependent in peoples life, and different drivers of stress are not an exception in this regard. Just so the first type of stress, university stress, may include numerous reasons of personal character, such as challenges of learning process, family problems, relationship problems, lack of money, drug use or misuse, and so on. Most people believe that stress causes only negative effects without consideration of the aspect that Stress is able to stimulate workforces activities as it increases their energy potential and aggravates feelings and emotions (Shah & Shah, 2015), which is extremely useful during public speaking or a defense of some kind of research study, for example. Nevertheless, if to chew up about unhappy circumstances, which present in students life during a particular period of time, then they bring only negative effects of stress at physiological and psychological levels, such as general physical strain and excitement (that makes all internals to function in an emergency mode), anxiety, oppression, dissatisfaction, aggression. All these factors are obscure by troubling feelings, challenging searches of escaping from the situation, and finally avert students thoughts from the learning process and make the whole situation of numerous stressful factors to unite in one huge stress wit hout its visible solution. As a

Why do women have facial hair or body hair. What is causing this Research Paper

Why do women have facial tomentum or luggage compartment hair. What is causing this phenomena. Can it be cured or changed - look for Paper ExampleAll people have endocrines in their bodies that stimulate growth of their bodies and facial hair. It hence depends on the take of hormones secreted, the number of the hair follicles in an individuals body, and how sensitive they are to be stimulated for growth. Any other conditions or substances introduced into the body that trigger over payoff of the hormones could contribute to excess body and facial hair.This is normally associated to the male gender for its mannish effect. However, women also produce the sex hormone in their adrenal glands and ovaries. Androgen aids in production of oestrogen that serves a greater role in female sexual desires, emotions and satisfaction. Testosterone and adrenal androgens are the main types of the hormone in women they are released into the blood float and also produced at the body tissues (body fats and skin) after conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione (A) into androgens at the cells, skin, and hair follicles (Monash University, 2010, p.1). Male bodies produce more of the androgen hormone than women, which is necessary for development of their masculine features (muscles, deep voice, body hair on their chest, inner thighs, arms and lower abdomen and facial hair like mustache and beards among others). Similarly, a high level production of androgen (testosterone) hormone in excess would stimulate excess facial and body hair production in women among other masculine features, a condition termed Hirsutism (Jacoby and Youngson, 2005, p. 2196). As a result, the highly sensitive parts to androgen in womens bodies have stimulated thick and darker hair growth. This is because the hair follicles in those parts are more sensitive and the higher the number of the follicles, the more the excessive hair on their bodies.Certain diets affect the production of tes tosterone hormone in a womans body. Diets that contain zinc minerals can help to activate testosterone production,

The lack of cultural awareness in the average American Soldier served Essay

The lack of cultural awareness in the average American Soldier served as a mischief during the early phases of the Iraki War - Essay ExampleFirstly, culture is not a static entity. Rather, its a dynamic and an ever changing concept. Since people are the brainish force behind a culture, it keeps evolving and changing according to the change in circumstances. Secondly, culture is not inherited, i.e. it cant be transferred via genes to the next generation. In fact, it is catching through socialization from one generation to another. Culture can also be multi-faceted, which implies that one person might be exposed to discordant cultures at the same time, which incarnates values and beliefs in an individual which are a blend of various other cultures. Fourthly, there are various means of transmitting a culture, including our family, friends, school, religion, media and any other modes of communication we experience. Thus, acquiring a culture is a continuous process which goes on thro ugh our entire lives. Lastly, culture is expressed though various means, which is reflected in the way our beliefs are carved, the way we dress up, talk, eat, our work habits etc (Colbert).Thus, culture is a very important entity which leaves an impact on almost all(prenominal) aspects of the lives of an individual, who is a member of a community or a nation. Since shared cultures and meanings are an important part of an individuals identity socialized via various modes, it is important to bring in the culture of a region to understand the dynamics of that area. For this reason, the lack of cultural awareness in American soldiers acted as a detriment during the Iraqi war. To analyze the situation closely, it is important to study the geography and the history of the military conflict in detail, the weather analysis of the region, and the ASCOPE (areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people and events) of the region of interest. To understand the culture, however, it is i mportant to

Critically discuss the developments in banking regulation that have Essay - 1

Critically discuss the developments in banking regulation that call for been, and continue to be, put in place as a extend of the ec - Essay ExampleA track record should be kept so that similar incidences be not replayed in a habituated economy. However, this has not always been the cases. Various fiscal crises have often been recurrent due to the poor response mechanisms by the local and at times the international regulative agencies. Failures of various governments in managing trade liberalization. The governments in these cases have failed to properly introduce their national economy into the international capital trade (Raghavan, 1998). An important stay to note in the issue of the economic and financial crises is that they are similarly characterized in both the developed and the developing countries. The causal factors and the manifestation of the economic crises are more or less the same across all the economies in the world (Raghavan, 1998). There are also some lesson s that can be versed from the global financial and economic crises and that can be used to provide an insight into the possible preventive and management mechanisms for future crises. One lesson is that it is not take away to make changes in the financial system of a given country when the country is already experiencing a crisis (Raghavan, 1998). It was also observed that when currency turmoil is associated with financial difficulties, raising pursuit rates may simply worsen the situation by bringing ab let out widespread corporate and bank insolvencies (Raghavan, 1998). Besides, it has also been historied that it is often a big loss to a given economy if the currency in the economy loses value in the international money market when it had international creditors (Raghavan, 1998). 2. Causes of an economic and financial crisis The proper management of financial crisis requires a thorough understanding of the possible causes of the crises and the features characteristic of such si tuations. A reduction in the average income caused by underemployment or unemployment increases the poverty level among a given population. This coupled with an increase in the cost of living like food prices and separate human needs provides a proper avenue for an economic crisis (Raghavan, 1998). The situation then worsens and can only be redeemed by addressing unemployment issues, lowering interest rates, expanding liquidity and increasing public expenditure by the governments (Raghavan, 1998). 3. Developments in banking regulations The banking regulatory measures are aimed at strengthening the global capital in order to have a flexible banking industry. The regulatory developments aim at improving the ability of the banking industry to absorb stress that follows a given financial stress so that the overall effect is not felt on the economy. The efforts also aim at ensuring proper governance and developing techniques for risk management by the banking institutions. The regulatio ns correspond that transparency and accountability are manifested by the banking institutions. They outline the appropriate procedures for market disclosures by the financial institutions to enable the investors build confidence in the banking institutions. The crises that have been witnessed gave out a picture of what the regulatory bodies have been in the recent past and that led to their failures in mitigating the crises. The characteristics of the crises showed that there were no proper techniques for prudential regulations by the regulatory bodies. Firstly, it was observed that the regulatory procedures were not sufficient enough in managing

Hardware Clouds--Pros and Cons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hardware Clouds--Pros and Cons - Essay ExampleTraditionally, clouds only support the software run wherein the hardware component is provided by the end users. However, due to increasing complexity of the technology as nearly as changing requirements, it becomes more costly and upright for the firms to also use hardware clouds. Apart from this, hardware clouds merchant ship help organizations to save costs on infrastructure development, construction costs as well as energy savings. (Low, Chen, & Wu, 2011)2. The portability of the hardware clouds wherein firms offer hardware cloud servers packed in containers and cigarette be plugged even from parking lots suggests that the companies burn take advantage of the portability offered by hardware clouds.3. Hardware clouds are completely scalable in nature therefore organizations can actually tailor them consort to their own requirements. Off-the-shelf hardware often cannot fulfill the exact requirements of the organizations however, d ue to scalability of the hardware cloud, it offers a viable alternative to gain access to hardware tailor exactly according to the requirements.Though the above benefits of hardware cloud computing can be sufficient enough to allow firms to go for such organizational shift in terms of managing information technology resources however, hardware clouds whitethorn not fulfill all the requirements of the companies. Hardware clouds may not be just under following conditions1. One of the key areas where hardware cloud can fail to provide results is the issue of performance. Especially on the public clouds, many organizations may be sharing the same hardware therefore the performance may slow down. Further, even with the dedicated hardware, extra load on the hardware can slow the execution of processes and thus result into loss of efficiency. (Sharif, 2010)2. Single hardware clouds function in single point therefore the failure of the hardware can shut

The movie style of David Fincher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The movie style of David Fincher - Essay ExampleQuotations from the film have been cited independently in the bibliography.Finchers choice and portrayal of protagonists merit almost attention. Frequently, his lead characters ar men in a stressful or otherwise unfulfilling job, at odds with the world they inhabit, and with complex and unstable psychologies. Detective William toss in Seven is on the verge of retiring from a long career in the police. He repeatedly speaks about the oppressive nature of the metropolis he lives in and how he would like to travel far away from here. In Fight Club, the unnamed protagonist suffers from insomnia and has to join a slew of escort groups to belief like a victim and find his emotional release. He is later revealed to be suffering from Split Personality Disorder as well. In Zodiac, the cartoonist-detective becomes obsessed with trying to solve the Zodiacs codes and can think of nothing else, leading his second wife to leave him.The Game featu res millionaire Nicholas Van Orton, who, in his pals words, was becoming such an asshole that he needed an extraordinarily complex and dangerous prank played on him for him to be able to feel again. The Social Network in addition fictionalises its real-life lead Mark Zuckerberg as someone not really likeable. Film critic James Lewis Hoberman, in his inspection of The Social Network, describes the character as a sort of mildly autistic Sammy Glick with a grim 1,000-yard glare. In the movie itself, the final lines are also directed at Zuckerbergs character Youre not an asshole, Mark. Youre just trying so hard to be one. The social and psychological alienation of his protagonists then, are a recurrent feature in Finchers films.Another thematic concern that pervades Finchers oeuvre is contemporary society as a venue of apathy and emotional numbness. In Seven, Somerset repeatedly expresses his dissatisfaction with the society he inhabits

Proposal to build a nuclear power plant Research Paper

Proposal to build a nuclear power plant - Research Paper ExampleEnergy education Administration (EIA), 2014). Nuclear power confers several benefits over electricity that is generated from fossil fuels. In spite of these benefits, no new nuclear power plants have been make in the U.S. since 1996. This paper proposes the development of a nuclear power plant by the Eaton Corporation. While there are a number of environmental and preventive concerns over nuclear power plants, their benefits far outweigh the costs.Nuclear power has several clear advantages over fossil fuel that currently accounts for the bulk of the republics energy. Nuclear energy produces an insignificant amount of carbon dioxide and no sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides (Comby, 2001). These gases are produced in large quantities when fossil fuels are burned to generate electricity or other forms of energy. Carbon dioxide plays a part in global warming while nitrogen oxides form acid rainfall that is responsible for corroding man-made structures such as buildings. Besides the gases, compared to fossil fuels, nuclear reactors produce very small quantities of waste. For instance, about a ton of sear is required to generate the same amount of energy as a gram of uranium. Correspondingly, nuclear waste is a millionth of the waste generated from fossil fuel. In addition, if the nuclear reactor is well-designed, the nuclear waste is confined throughout the power generation process.Nuclear power has been produced commercially for half a century now. It has turn up to be safe (Comby, 2001). To date, there have occurred only three major nuclear plant accidents Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, USA in 1979, Chernobyl in 1986 in present-day Ukraine and Fukushima Daiichi in Japan in 2011. Of the three, the TMI was the worst the entire core of the reactor melted completely. Fortunately, almost all the radioactivity that was released was confined indoors the reinforced concrete structure that contain ed the reactor. The amount that escaped into the surrounding was

Strategic management Final EXAM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategic management Final EXAM - Essay ExampleStrategic management can operate at corporate level or business organization level. A definition of strategic management at corporate level isthe pattern of major objectives, purposes or goals and essential policies or plans for achieving those goals, stated in such a ways as to define what business the company is in or is to be in and the kind of company it is or is to be.1One must also take into account the culture and leadership of the organisation, both of which influence corporate strategic management. For example, after the return of Steve Jobs to Apple Computers Inc a top-level decision was taken to making a major shift away from heavy investment in Research and Development (R&D) of innovative and premium-priced computers, and have invested more than heavily in the highly competitive consumer electronics sector.At the business or unit level of operation, strategic management is more concerned with competition, adding value and r ecruiting and retaining clients. locomote to the example of Apple Computers Inc, since 2001 it has been developing products such as the iPod believing that it could add high-value, user-friendly software in a way that a pure electronics business could not. Business level strategic management has been defined asthe match between the organisations internal capabilities and its external relationships. It describes how it responds to its suppliers, its customers, its competitors and the social and economic environment within which it operates.2This view argues that strategic management boils down to having a clear sense of the organisations objectives and identifying how these will be achieved. However there is no universal agreement on which level the subject should be studied at corporate or business. Therefore it is important to bear in mind that such gurus as Michael hall porter tend to focus on business level strategic management. There is also another school of thought which arg ues against this prescriptive viewpoint. This alternative and less well-documented rising view points out that given the impossibility of planning for an uncertain future, identifying a single strategy is a waste of time. Instead organisations should focus on determination market opportunities, experimenting and developing their competitive advantage over-time.3The three key elements of strategic management are resources, the external environment and the organisations capacity to add-value to its core activity. An organisations resources include its personnel and their respective skillsets, its investment and capital. These items are important for the organisation to create and sustain competitive advantage. It could be argued that Apple Computer Incs recent success in stage setting the latest standard in MP3 players was built upon the fact that it had a major brand and R&D capabilities from its niche computer business and an excellent own-brand scattering network already in pl ace. In short Apple Computer Inc optimized existing resources.The environment refers to economic and political situation the organization finds itself in, its competitors, customers and suppliers, and increasingly to green issues as concerns regarding global warming and exploitation of low-wage workers become more wide-spread. For example, IBM lost much of its initial dominance of the personal computer market when it failed

Reading assignemn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading assignemn - Essay ExampleMahmud thus is against the Statess deceit of being secular and impartial to ward religion but its in fact so much involved in religious and politics already. Mahmud regards Americas involvement in religious politics, its support of Israel and for enemies of Islam such as Egypt, is not the result of Christianity. Rather it was due to Americas ideology of secularism which Mahmud regards as hostility toward religion, especially Islam. Religion is deeply involved and in fact it is firmly entrenched in this whole issue.2. Rantisi claims that Hamas is in a state of war simply because of Israels stance toward Palestine-especially toward Hamas concept of an Moslem Palestine. Thus Israel wants to destroy Islamic nationalism. Rantisi explains that the bombings are a moral lesson and the actions of self-martyrs are understandable and simply responses to the heaviness brought about by the Israelis. Unlike other movements, Hamas was purely founded on religious principles. Muslims can legitimately use violence while responding to attacks and other forms of violence from the Israeli side, acts that frequently affect innocent civilians. In this sense they are defensive since they are victims in this struggle and not the cause of it.3. Some of the modern Islamic justifications for the use of violence claim that in case of aggression, or usurping of a Muslim land, they must call for hitting the attacker and the aggressor to end the aggression. cleanup position of an enemy of Islam is also justified. Use of force is also consistent with Islamic principles and Khomeini of Iran claims that he knows of no command more binding to the Muslim than the command to hold life and property to defend and bolster Islam. There are most Islamic tenets that condone struggle and the use of force. There are therefore some Muslim principles that justify killing as in the defense of

Assignment com 008 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Assignment com 008 - Essay ExampleIronically, spearheading an organization or a group of workers at a lower rank does non needfully mean one is knowledgeable of the smaller roles that are prerequisites in achieving success. A successful businessman may not attain financial independence if not for the people who are working for him. For instance, an owner of the restaurant hires cooks and waiters who understand the operation of the restaurants better than him. The mans ability to hire the best people in his company who does the smaller jobs for him does not mean he knows exactly how to do them impeccably. Since these people have acquired such skills even without formal education, the society does not absorb cooks and waiters to be as intelligent as the owner of the company. Furthermore, employees who rely on their employers for their jobs do not gain as much financial freedom as their company owners. At the same time, team leaders, supervisors, and managers are oftentimes the only o nes who earn more than mechanics, waiters and the

Organizational Analysis Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational Analysis Motivation - Essay ExampleThe tradings at FMC Green River atomic number 18 task oriented and are, to a large extent, delimit by the union. Unlike FMC Aberdeen, the employees at Green River do not have well defined goals. Further, production at Green River is not directly think to their pay or other organizational rewards. There is little chance of advancement and the union structure discourages any opportunity for promotion.The contrasts at FMC Green River are very well defined by the union contract and workers are faced with fulfilling the needfully, but have no control over the means of production. FMC Aberdeen is in a constant state of flux as employees are trained in a variety of tasks and are free to move from one job to another. The workers at FMC Green River have very little vertical job loading and their job description limits their horizontal loading.The FMC Aberdeen plant allows its workers to work outside their aggroup and also function as te am leaders. This type of organization offers many opportunities for career suppuration. The FMC Green River plant is structured by definition of tasks and employees have most no chance of going beyond their current job or position. While the union may offer occasional retraining, it does not enhance the attentiveness of the employee. action reviews at Green River are not adequate to provide any performance or satisfaction impact on the employees.FMC Green River get out encounter problems by trying to institute a rewards system based on performance. The workforce may see this as creating inequity and correcting this could have a negative effect on production. The workforce is currently the highest paid unit at FMC and they may respond better to other needs. According to the ERG theory of needs, relatedness and growth may be more likely to motivate the workforce. The jobs at FMC Green River have been structured according to scientific management. They are routine and specialized. This has been done to optimise production and meet the requirements of the union contract. There is little opportunity under Green Rivers current system for job enlargement or job enrichment.Performance appraisals currently offer little more than a determination to see if the contract is being fulfilled. The culture is not conducive to self-appraisal or peer appraisal. diversion from the union contract, there is a psychological contract with the organization that provides some level of motivation for the employees.RecommendationsFMC Green River would benefit from offering a plant total profit sharing program. This would offer the employees a motivation based on rewards without the perceived inequity of individual pay increases. They should also focus on the employee needs in the areas of relatedness and growth. FMC Green River should foster a more social atmosphere and provide a method of recognition for individual achievement. FMC Green River could broaden the job descriptions to give the employees greater participation in the overall process. Job enlargement could offer an avenue for growth within the existing organizational framework. This would be an inner motivational factor that could lead to a lower turnover rate as experienced at Aberdeen. A job diagnostic survey would be a critical first step in this direction.Green River should begin to develop a performance appraisal system. This should be used as a motivational and self-improvement tool rather than a pay based system. With proper training, peer reviews and self-evaluation would

What Is the Significance of Grading Sysytem Essay Example for Free

What Is the Significance of Grading Sysytem EssayWith the implementation of the K to 12 Basic Education Program, the traditional numeral values in the give out cards of scholarly persons forget no long-life come in. Instead, the Department of Education (DepEd) get out be using a new marker system to assess and rate learning outcomes of bookmans in public elementary and high schools. Effective this school year, DepEd express parents and student will no longer see numbers in the report cards of students from Grades 1 to 10. Based on DepEd Order No. 31, Series of 2012, or the Policy Guidelines on the execution of instrument of Grades 1 to 12 Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) Effective School Year 2012-2013, Education Secretary Armin Luistro ordered public schools to implement the K to 12 BEC, particularly on Grades 1 and 7 which will be most affected by the new curriculum, and challenged schools to implement the guidelines in creative and innovative ways for the curriculum ca n be localized without compromising the philosophy of total learner development. The new evaluate system seeks to measure the students level of proficiency at the end of each quarter, Luistro said. The assessment process is holistic and aims to ensure the quality of student learning with emphasis on formation and development, he explained. DepEd, Luistro said, will also release an otherwise separate order with more details on the new order system. In the new grading system, letter A will reflect as highest the grade letter P as second highest and letter B as the lowest. Luistro explained that the letters actually represent levels of proficiency as abbreviated. To rate the learning outcome of students, teachers will be giving a grade A (Advanced) to students with 90 percent and above rating P (Proficient) to students with 85 to 89 percent rating AP (Approaching Proficiency) to students with 80 to 84 percent ratingD (Developing) to students with 75 to 79 percent rating and B (B eginning) to students with 74 percent and below rating. Luistro said that teachers will still measure students progress with numerical values, tho their letter equivalents above will be used in report cards so that the focus will be less on disputation and more on achieving standards of learning. At the end of the quarter, Luistro explained that the public presentation of students shall be described in the report card found on the level of proficiency. When the teacher gives B it means that the student struggles with his/her understanding pre-requisite and fundamental knowledge and/or skills impart not been required or developed adequately to aid understanding.Students given with D are those that possess the minimum knowledge and skills and core understandings but needs the help throughout the motion of authentic tasks while those given AP are students that have developed the fundamental knowledge and skills and core understandings and with little guidance from teacher and/or with whatsoever assistance from peers, can transfer these understandings through authentic performance tasks. Those that are given P are students that have developed fundamental knowledge and skills and core understandings and can transfer them independently through authentic performance tasks while students given with A are those that exceeds the core requirements in terms of knowledge, skills, and understandings and can transfer them automatically and flexible through authentic performance tasks.Luistro said that the assessment process to be used is holistic, with emphasis on the formative or developmental purpose of quality assuring student learning. It is also standards-based as it seeks to ensure that teachers will teach to the standards and students will aim to meet or even exceed the standards, he added. Luistro added that student performance will still be assessed at four levels, including Knowledge with 15 percent Process or Skills with 25% Understanding with 30% and Produ cts/Performances with 30 % with a total of 100%. The results of the students performance, Luistro added, will be summed up based on these levels to come up with a numerical value. The corresponding level of proficiency will appear on the report card at the end of the quarter, he explained.At the end of the four quarters, Luistro explained that the Final Grade for each learning are shall be reported as average of the four quarterly ratings, expressed in terms of the levels of proficiency. Also, he said that the general average will be computed based on the final grades of the different learning areas, and will be expressed in terms of the levels of proficiency with the numerical equivalent shall appear in parenthesis. Luistro also stressed that promotion and retention of students shall be by subject meaning those students whose proficiency level is B at the end of the quarter or grading period shall be required to undergo remediation classes after class hours so that they can immedia tely catch up as they move to the future(a) grading period.If by the end of the school year, the students are still at the B level, then they shall be required to take summer classes, he said. Meanwhile, some parents and students particularly those who are grade-conscious expressed reservation to the new grading system. When showed that sample report card to Mylene Cuevas, mother to fourth year high school (Grade 10) student Liza Mae, she was confused. Kung ganito ang gagamitin na grading system, ano ang mangyayari sa be ng mga bata? Paano pipiliin kung sino ang magiging first at second honors? (If they will use this grading system, what will happen to the ranking of students? How will they choose who will be the first or second honors?) she asked. Last school year, Liza Mae ranked second honor.This year, she is eyeing to be the first honor to emergence her chances to avail of scholarships once she enrolls in college. Kasi sa scholarship or discounts sa tuition, mas malaki ang coverage kapag first honor or valedictorian ka. Kapag ganito ang grading, (letters instead of numbers), mahirap ang ranking, (In getting scholarships or discounts in tuition, bigger coverage is given if youre first honor or valedictorian.If letter grades will be used, ranking will be more difficult), she said. The DepEd, on the other hand, said that when it comes to honor students, they shall be drawn from among those who performed at the Advanced Level. We will come up with subsequent guidelines will be issued as basis for ranking of honors, Luistro assured. Meanwhile, Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) Episcopal Commission on Youth (ECY) Executive Secretary Fr. Conegundo Garganta called on the DepEd to look into the possibility of using idle buildings as a way of addressing classroom shortage. Garganta said the government can use idle buildings, such as those that have been sequestered by the government, to house additional classrooms. maybe the government can use their police power to ask permission to use these abandoned structures, he said in a church-organized forum. (With a report from Leslie Ann G. Aquino)

Recommendations to the Wallace Group Essay Example for Free

Recommendations to the Wallace Group EssayMr. Wallace, I have concluded my interviews with your team and have a list of recommendations based on priorities. The recommendations are sincere and non intended to be personal attacks on the current counselling they are based on the sound management principles and intended to maximize your troupes potential. a. Realign the corporate structure. Begin by recruiting a newborn advance of directors using outside directors, executives of other firms but are not employees of the boards corporation1, in addition to a limited number of management directors from inside the company. This combination of three companies working as independent entities is not working, they must be integrated and a different management organizational structure must be enforced. This group volition be able to fall upon the next recommendation. b. Develop a mission statement and goals. The company must embark upon strategic management planning. This pull up st akes include Clearer sense of strategic peck for the firm Sharper focus on what is strategically important Improved understanding of a rapidly changing environment1 The Wallace group pretermits vision and goals for its divisions and this leads to a lack of means for the management team. A mission statement defines the fundamental, unique purpose that sets a company apart from other firms of its type and identifies the scope of the companys operations in terms of products offered and markets served1. This business must develop a corporate wide strategic management plan to set a direction for the company and its shareholders.A part of this management planning would consist of SWOT analysis, strategy formulation, implementation and evaluation. This process is often referred to as Plan Do sham Check or PDAC and is a continuous process. Making a profit today is not enough there has to be an evaluation of where the company is now, where will it be in 2, 5, 10 years and how the com pany will attain those goals. c. Change the organizational chart in that respect needs to be an in-depth evaluation of the forcefulness currently in place.The current chart is one of vertical structure and should be revamped to be more horizontal. This accomplishes the goals of empowerment and coordination between the divisions. A glaring chore is the VP of the chemical division, J. Luskics, as he was the former owner that guided the company into foreclosure and appears to not be running the division efficiently now. The chemical division is not even internally competitive for the plastics or electronics divisions. Mr.Luskics should either be bought out of the company or reassigned to a position that he might be successful. There also is a redundancy among positions in the company, for example there are three directors of industrial relations, these positions should either be combined or incentivized to cooperate in the best interest of the company. d. Personnel development. Ther e is no apparent leadership development in place and the company has relied on promoting technical staff to management positions which many are not equipped to handle.There needs to be a leadership development series initiated, leadership retreats to communicate and encourage relations amongst the teams, and perhaps some Management Assessment of Proficiency (MAP) testing to asses the current management team. Management development and succession planning must be implemented to ensure long term success. Job responsibilities need to be developed and implemented for all positions but specifically for the management team including specific goals, budgeting, prediction (long range planning), training, and staff satisfaction. . Communication. The lack of clear strategies, long term plans, goals and objectives has led to the recent revolt at the stockholders meeting. This is a clear indication of the frustration mat up from the staff level up and the new direction of the company must be clearly communicated to all staff. Enthusiasm is contagious and the presentation of a new course for the company will be very exciting for staff. Employee surveys, suggestion boxes and an engaging of the front line staff will do much to alter morale and spark improvements.I would like to commend you sir for creating a successful company but I do believe there are concrete steps that you can take to improve the future of this company. Mr. Wallace I believe the development of a vision will produce great results, with this vision you will attract personnel that want to be a part of a great company and profits for all involved will naturally follow. recover Visionary companies make some of their best moves by experimentation, trial and error, opportunism, and quite literally accident2.I estimate that this plan of action will ab initio cost $1. 5 million but there will be cost savings realized in personnel reassignments, recruitment and retention, productivity, and a renew sense of commitment that will be reflected in profits far surpassing the costs.

The Development of Ballads Essay Example for Free

The Development of B all(prenominal)ads EssayBallads run through been in evidence since the seventh century and have been popular ever since. They travelled around the populace as people emigrated, picking up stories of historical significance on the way. Their main purpose is to entertain, organism sung or recited, often accompanied by music. Their distinctive poetic form told appealing tales of heroism, hardship and adventure often in dramatic terms. They were also a means of spreading news, to a more than often than not illiterate population in an easily understood narrative way. Ballads follow a distinctive recipe, elements of which can be instructn in all lays.They use quatrains, which are four line stanzas. An example of this can be seen in the ballad, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followd destitute We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea In this verse you can see a regular A B C B rhyming schem e, which means that lines two and four rhyme with a bouncy rhythm. Ballads told uncomplicated stories to entertain audiences such as in The Twa Corbies where two ravens having a conversation. The ballads would design up to a climax where the main event of the story would happen.In the ballad Sir Patrick Spens we read lines like Drinking the blood red wine-colored And When the fling grew dark, the wind blew loud, And angry grew the sea This automatically suggests to the reader that there is a going to be a murder as it is setting the scene for one. It was zippy that the balladeer maintained the interest of his audience by using dramatic yet simple imagery. He had to paint the scene in quarrel to fasten the imagination of the audience. The symbolic use of colour is used to create atmosphere. Red often symbolises blood or royalty, for example, the ballad Sir Patrick Spens readsDrinking the blood red wine which creates tension and a thick atmosphere. White symbolises good so black obviously symbolises evil. In Johnie Armstrong it reads Goodly steeds were all milky white this tells us that all Johnie Armstrongs men rode white horses which helps to portray him and his men as the good guys. The audience would have recognised the inference of what the colours meant. Ballads told tales with simple themes, for example Johnie Armstrong tells a robin Hood style story of an honest outlaw who is betrayed by a treacherous Scottish king.Other themes explored in ballads capture lives of adventure and hardship. Keeping things simple was important, as most of the listeners would have been peasants living in small communities often imp everyplaceished and with little way of escaping hard lives. Hearing tales of larger than life characters at least temporally diverted them from their own circumstances. Sometimes audience participation was encouraged for example in the Twa Corbies where the narrative breaks from third soulfulness to first person The tane unto the tither did say, Whar sall we gang and dine the day?I imagine the scenario either where two or three balladeers working together took roles within a spoken or sung ballad or where one balladeer hopped between storyteller and actor. In either the audience may have been invited to supply lines making the ballads more of a lively improvised story. This would have been great fun moving the action from performer to the audience and back again. The characters depicted were bold but shoal leaving the audience with a two dimensional representation which told of what the characters did but not of how they felt.There was little attempt to flesh out any subtleties of characterisation. activeness and events moved the story line not any depth in the characters. In the beginning of the clay sculpture ballad Johnie Armstrong he is described as being a bold outlaw. We are told that he came from Westmerland, on the Scottish border. He came from poverty, had neither land or rent coming in and alot about what h e possessed in terms of men, horses and weapon, but not much about him as a man. The ballad of Johnie Armstrong is a good example of a border ballad.A border ballad focused on the conflict between the Scottish and the English. The ballad is clearly written from an English viewpoint, describing Johnie as proud, brave and heroic. The words faire Westmerland are the first indication that this is written from an English perspective. The band own white horses (white symbolising good) and are described as being a hefty sight for to see. On the other hand, the Scottish king is portrayed as being deceitful and double crossing tricking Johnie and his men to their deaths. Another type of ballad is the broadside ballad.These were an early form of newspaper recording local events and news told in narrative form. What distinguished them was the fact that for the first time they were fixed in print and sold at fairs for a penny, becoming the earliest written ballads. Two examples of these are Ma ry Cummings and Charlotte Dymand, these poem were not really in the right period but in the right style. The ballad of Mary Cummings is the story of a crime of passion. It a sensational tale of love, abandonment, retaliation and violent murder eventually finishing with the hanging of an unrepented jilted bride.It depicts a tragic heroine with the themes of love and death dramatically portrayed. The language is graphic The mother slithered to the ground, The fathers eye went white We are given the picture of the hopeful girl in her bridal gown on a spring morning that becomes the murderess cursing the dress out and his parents. The line the pain in Marys Mind gives a clue that she is becoming deranged. The images are all of things fading The sun that glittered down, the sun slid out of sight. The audience would have been able to grasp the cruel irony that the bridal gown is to become the shroud of death.Instead of a husband she is to meet the dark lover i. e. demigod she has renoun ced her religion. The whole ballad evokes a sense of the eagerness for marriage being replaced by an eagerness for death. As people travelled from place to place they took the primary ballad recipe with them as well as the ballads. Ballads can be found all over the word Sir Patrick Spens is a traditional Scottish ballad Young Hunting is an eighteenth centaury ballad, perhaps with earlier Danish parallels and Ballad of Sixty-Five is a traditional Jamaican ballad.This proves that ballads have travelled all over the globe, appealing to worldwide audiences for many centauries. The Ballad of Sixty-Five tells a story of historical significance to many Jamaicans a group of slaves in Jamaica march to their governors folk demanding there right and are eventually hanged to make a public spectacle. It had the opposite reaction making other slaves believe that they could stand up for themselves capital of Minnesota Boyle died but his spirit talked, Anywhere in Jamaica that freedom walks. The poem has examples of patois, which is native Jamaican dialect.You can wuk like a mule but de crop serene bad It also has an A A B B rhyming scheme to it and a Calypso rhythum, which shows how the basic ballad recipe can be varied as it travelled. Ballads are an ancient form of communication they have been around for centauries keeping almost the same recipe throughout. They told tales of historical importance as well as stories just to entertain. They have been popular ever since they begun and although they are not still in there original form we can see element derived from ballads in modern day song.

Metabolic pathways for Diclofenac

Metabolic pathways for DiclofenacDiclofenac (2-(2,6-dichlo ranilino)phenyl acetic acid)Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) wide used to reduce inflammation and pain in conditions which include, nevertheless non limited to ankylosing spondylitis, arthritis, osteoarthritis and acute pain. Diclofenac, a phenyl acetic derivative, is a lipophilic and nerveless acidic compound made up of two twisted aromatic rings.Molecular structureDiclofenac exerts its pharmacological activity by non-selectively inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX), an enzyme responsible for the vicissitude of the polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid, into prostaglandins, thromboxanes and prostacyclins (Schweitzer et al., 2009). Prostaglandins are involved in maintenance of organ systems such as protection of the stomach wall or for the kidney function. They are alike mediators of pain and inflammation.The most commonly observed side effects of Diclofenac are gastrointestinal disturbances and these may include abdominal pain, constipation, flatulence, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, gross bleeding/perforation, heartburn, nausea, GI ulcers (gastric/duodenal) and vomiting. opposite side effects that may occur include impaired renal function, anemia, dizziness, oedema, headaches, increased bleeding time and allergic reactions (pruritus, rashes and tinnitus).Metabolism of DiclofenacThe metamorphosis of Diclofenac mainly takes set up in the liver and involves two study pathways, oxidative metabolism and conjugation to glucuronic acid. Metabolic pathways for Diclofenac (Vickers, 2008)The oxidative metabolism (ring hydroxylation) of Diclofenac is catalysed by two enzymes of the cytochrome P450 family namely CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 (Boelsterli et al., 2007). This exits in the ecesis of 4-hydroxydiclofenac and 5-hydroxydiclofenac as the major metabolites. A number of other mono- or dihydroxylated or methoxylated metabolites may withal result. The 4-OH and the 5-OH metabolites of diclo fenac can be further oxidized to a highly recative p-benzoquinone imine with great potential for redox pass and hence oxidative breed. These metabolites are excreted from the body through the renal route.Diclofenac is also conjugated to activated glucuronic acid (Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid-UDPGA) in a reaction catalysed by UGT2B7 in humans and UGT2B1 in rats. This results in the formation of an acyl glucuronide which is a potentially reactive metabolite. The electrophilic carboxy carbon on the acyl glucuronide reacts with the sulfhydril group on proteins, forming covalent adducts. The acyl glucuronide can be further metabolized to 4_-OH-diclofenac acyl-glucuronide by CYP2C8, and after to a benzoquinone imine which can pose oxidative stress to cells by redox cycling.The conjugation of Diclofenac to acyl glucuronide (Boelsterli et al., 2007)The acyl glucuronides are largely excreted from the body through the billiary system. The Diclofenac acyl glucuronide anions are trans ported from the hepatocytes into the biliary canaliculus by the canalicular anion transporter, multidrug resistace-associated protein (Mrp2). The enterohepatic circulation of Diclofenac metabolites (Boelsterli et al., 2007)During the transfer of training process, many of the most reactive metabolites will react to form covalent bonds with canalicular proteins and others in distal locations in the biliary tree. In the small intestines, a bacterial enzyme -glucuronidase, cleaves the acyl glucuronides to an aglycone which is readily reabsorbed. This phenomenon is referred to as enterohepatic cycling. -glucuronidase resistant iso-glucuronides are excreted. The overall exposure to Diclofenac and its metabolites is therefore increased.Diclofenac-induced toxicitiesThe use of Diclofenac is often associated with certain toxicities, although some of them are not very common and therefore are not quite predictable. The major ones include gastrointestinal disturbances, hepatoperniciousness a nd nephrotoxicity.Gastrointestinal disturbances (dyspepsia and ulceration)Diclofenac related gastrointestinal disturbances are judgment to be related to its mechanism of action (Takeuchi et al., 2003). There are two important isoforms of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2. The inducible COX-2 is stimulated by tissue or cell accidental injury to break down arachidonic acid to form prostaglandins involved in the regulation of pain and inflammation. The constitutive COX-1 is involved in the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxanes that take dissolve in the normal tissue homeostasis and this include protection of the gastric mucosal lining from gastric acid. Upon inhibition of COX-1 by Diclofenac, the mucosal lining is go away unprotected and disturbances may ensue. This may be related to the dose. Drugs with more selectivity towards the COX-2 isoform are safer in this regard. HepatotoxicityThe liver is highly susceptible to xenobiotic-induced toxic injuries because it i s functionally interposed amidst the site of absorption and the systemic circulation, hence all drugs pass through the liver before reaching the systemic circulation. More so it is a major site of metabolism and elimination of foreign substances. Diclofenac is a generally safe drug within its therapeutic ranges, however its use can, in rare cases, result in severe hepatic injury (Boelsterli et al., 2003) Significant hepatotoxicity was also noted with the other pioneer NSAIDs and they were subsequently withdrawn from the market (Kaplowitz), for example benoxaprofen, piniprofen and fenclofenac to name but a few. Hepatoxicity is mainly characterised by jaundice, fatigue, anorexia nausea and vomiting. Liver toxicity is typical example of idiosyncratic drug toxicity because of liver injury is not a reproducible effect and lacks a simple dose-response relationship (Boelsterli et al. 2003).Mechanism of Diclofenac induced liver injuryAs with many xenoniotics, there is a casual splice betw een the metabolism and binding of Diclofenac with its adverse effects and toxicities. The lipophilic nature of Diclofenac and its ability to form reactive metabolites (Diclofenac acyl glucuronides and the hydroxyl metabolites) are the features postulated to be associated with hepatotoxicity. Diclofenac is thought to induce liver damage through various mechanisms which may include acylation of hepatobiliary proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and immune response. Acylation of hepatobiliary proteins (Boelsterli et al., 2007)Diclofenac acyl glucuronides have electrophilic centers that can covalently bind with some proteins in the biliary tree. Most of the target proteins have sulfhydril groups. The canalicular ectoenzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) is an example of an important target protein for the acyl glucuronides. DPP IV is a multifunctional transmembrane glycoprotein and exopeptidase. DPP IV is more susceptible as a target protein for the acyl glucuronides because It contains many sulfhydryl goups, making it a good target for the acyl glucuronides. DPP IV is located very close to the Mrp2, the pump responsible for the vectorial transport of the conjugates. The acyl glucoronides are highly concentrated in the canaliculus by the Mrp2 protein The slightly alka run pH in bitterness favours hydrolysis of the acyl glucuronides, hence their possible reactions with target proteins.A possible link between covalent binding and toxicity was delineated in rats, where inhibition of Diclofenac metabolism using the general CYP inhibitors greatly reduced hepatotoxicity (Vickers, 2008).The mechanism of DPP IV covalent binding with Diclofenac acyl glucuronide(Boelsterli et al., 2007)Mitochondrial Dysfunction (Boelsterli et al., 2003)Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been implicated as a primary indicator of hepatotoxicity (Vickers, 2008). Diclofenac can act as a protonophoretic compound thereby uncoupling the electron transport chain. This dissipates the proton gradient required for ATP production. Diclofenac and its metabolites may also produce oxidative stress which may affect mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (increased permeability of mitochondria outer membrane and opening of the mPT) (Woen Ping Siu et al, 2008). The formation of diclofenac cation radicals and quinone imine associated redox cycling produces a lot of oxidative stress to cells leading to Diclofenac toxicity. When rats and human liver cells were treated with Diclofenac, an increase in the expression of hemeoxygenase 1 (Hmox1) was noted in line with changes in the redox state and induction of oxidative stress (Vickers, 2008). These events lead to the release of pro-apoptotic proteins and bursting of the outer membrane. Immune responseSome clinical features noted in some patients provided the evidence that the immune-allergic reactions are involved in Diclofenac-induced liver injury (Boesterli et al 2003). These include allergy symptoms, presence of IgM a ntibody, and hypersensitivity reaction in an accidental rechallenge to Diclofenac. All these are pointing towards immune response as a possible mechanism for Diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity, however the real mechanism is still elusive.NephrotoxicityDiclofenac is increasingly being associated with renal toxicity. Diclofenac-induced renal toxicity in humans has been cited in literature (Lin et al. 2008). In veterinary medicine, marked decreases in population of certain vulture species were attributed to ingestion of carcases pollute with Diclofenac residues (Swan et al., 2006, Naidoo et al. 2007, Lin et al. 2008, Naidoo et al., 2009). In all the cases, the vultures died due to renal failure. Most studies attributed this to high plasma uric acid levels and the production of ROS (Swan et al., 2006, Naidoo et al., 2007, Naidoo et al., 2009a, 2009b,). Diclofenac is said to inhibit the the p-amino-hippuric acid (PAH) channel and subsequently the transport of uric acid (Naidoo et al. 200 9a). The resulting accumulation of uric acid in blood causes deleterious effects such as gout and increased intracellular ROS upon prolonged Diclofenac use (uric acid is an intracellular antioxidant). References A Schweitzer, N Hasler-Nguyen and J Zijlstra, 2009. Preferential uptake of the non steroid anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac into inflamed tissues after a single oral dose in rats. J. BioMed Central Pharmacol. 95Alison E.M. Vickers, 2008. Tissue slices for the evaluation of metabolism-based toxicity with the example of Diclofenac. Chemico-Biological Interactions 179 (2009) 9-16)Boelsterli et al., 2003. Diclofenac-induced liver injury a ikon of idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Toxicol and Appl Pharmacol. 192(3)307-322Boelsterli et al., 2007 Mechanistic Toxicology. The molecular basis of how chemicals disrupt chemical targetsK. Takeuchi, A. Tanaka, R. Ohno, A.Yokota, 2003. Role of COX inhibition in pathogenesis of NSAID-induced small intestinal damage. J Physiol Pharmacol. 54 Sup pl 4165-182Lin Eng Ng, Barry Halliwell, Kim Ping Wong, 2008. Nephrotoxic cell death by diclofenac and meloxicam. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 369 (2008) 873-877N Kaplowitz (Editor). Drug-Induced Liver DiseaseNaidoo V et al., 2007. Validating the municipal fowl as a model to investigate the pathophysiology of diclofenac in Gyps vultures. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 24 (2007) 260-266Swan E.G et al., 2006. Toxicity of diclofenac to Gyps vultures. Biology. Letters. (2006) 2, 279-282V. Naidoo , G.E. Swan 2009a. Diclofenac toxicity in Gyps vulture is associated with decreased uric acid excretion and not renal portal vasoconstriction. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C 149 (2009) 269-274V. Naidoo, K. Wolter, R. Cuthbert, N. Duncan, 2009b. Veterinary diclofenac threatens Africas threaten vulture species. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 53 (2009) 205-208Woen Ping Siu et al, 2008. Bax-mediated mitochondrial outer membrane permeabiliza tion (MOMP), distinct from the mitochondrial permeability transition, is a key mechanism in diclofenac-induced hepatocyte injury octuple protective roles of cyclosporin A. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 15227(3)451-561

Transportation In Malaysian Context

trans intentiontation In Malaysian ContextUn the like just about other Asian cities, driving is the main(prenominal) mode of commu erectg in Kuala Lumpur. Hence, e actu altogethery part of the urban center is well connected by highways. As the capital of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur has a comprehensive road net that leads to the rest of Peninsular Malaysia. unrestricted maneuver in Kuala Lumpur and the rest of the Klang Valley covers a variety of mail modes much(prenominal) as omnibus, rail and taxi. Based on the article Prasarana to buy trains worth RM1.2bil by The Star in 2006, despite efforts to promote usage of humans transportation, utilisation rates ar low as only 16 percent of the population purposed universe transportation. Rail transport in KualaLumpur encom offeres light rail, quick transit, monorail and commuter train rail.Kuala Lumpur is serviced by three let on rail clays which meet in the urban center and extend towards other parts of the Klang Valley, name ly speedyKL Light Rail overfly, KL Monorail, and KTM Komuter. These capers ache underground, elevated or at-grade displace most(prenominal) the city. The main rapid transit hub is KL Sentral which facilitates as an interchange station for the rail systems. RapidKL is the operator of two light rail lines in Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley, namely Ampang outline and Kelana Jaya Line which connect Kuala Lumpur to its satellite city, Petaling Jaya.The issue of what transport system in Kuala Lumpur metropolis Centre and Petaling Jaya has today is, spate argon too lazy. They are lazy to strait so they decided to parking lot their car as close as they force out to their destination. They are lazy to find car parks so they park at road shoulders, causing congestion to the drivers and also an obstacle for pedestrians and cyclists. They are lazy to walk a few miles to the nearest LRT station to go to city condense and opt to go there by car instead, despite the massive traffi c particularly during early morning and late evening. But they are okay with it. Because no matter how they said they hate the traffic, they would still go out using their cars, and put up hours on the road, wasting precious times.So why would these bulk, simply put up with the traffic that they hate so much and deceiving the fact that they arouse the multi-one thousand thousand Ringgit worth of PUTRA LRT, which is one of the most advanced rapid transit systems in the world, and at the time of construction was the worlds longest driverless metro. Because if they travel with LRT, it may not stop approximately at their destination. on that points this term, faced by the LRT users, which are called first mile and last mile. And Malaysian hates this. So they prefer to sit in their little air-conditioned steel boxes which move slower than a cycle per second during peak hours. Because of peoples love for their cars, finding a solution to the question of access to these buildings, to avoid creation surrounded by a sea of parked cars, is and then an important part of the problem.According to Brian Richards in his book Future Transport in the cities (1960), he summed up the approaches that being used towards dealing with traffic problems in the cities by the authorities. These approaches areThere is a serious and strong grass roots opposition in most countries to more urban road-building on the nucleotide that more roadstead mean more traffic.Within residential celestial spheres there has been the exploitation of traffic calming and t protest yards.Controls on parking within city centres has effectively shaved and controlled the amount of traffic entering cities.Planning laws are banning more out of town shopping centres or random car-oriented developments.Public transport has been maintained and improved, without which any of the other measures would be effective.Although these measures were introduced, there are problems with the continuing harvest-home of cars, the political strength of car lobby and the desire for people to own and use their own cars. In this selfish world, people love their cars. It gives them a retreat from the real world which partly accounts for their popularity. It provides them with a degree of reliever and privacy for the user, which cosmos transportation did not have. It allows the user to go straight to their destination without having the hassle to change stations or switch mediums like common transportations do. As a result, these cars caused the most problems to city life. It is now that alternative ways must be sought to provide transportation systems that are unplayful plenty for people to opt out for it and leave their cars for major trips like going back to their kampung and road trips.Another priming coat that makes people opt for cars is the lack connectivity of LRT in Petaling Jaya area. Realising the problem, the Government of Malaysia is now working on a Malaysia Rapid Transit project. The proposal was announced in June 2010 and was approved by the government of Malaysia in celestial latitude 2010. The newly-launched republic Public Transport Commission (SPAD) bequeath oversee and coordinate the entire MRT development in toll of cost and viability, alignment and integration, and leave joke the role of regulator once the project is completed. National infrastructure company, Syarikat Prasarana Negara would ultimately own and operate the MRT. A First Class Land Public Transport System Contributes to Social and Economic DevelopmentHistorical data in Malaysia and around the world indicates a correlation between GDP and mobility growth increase population, employment and economic bodily function always translate into higher mobility requirements. In this context, a first class prop up public transport system is especially important given our immediate aims as outlined in the ETP 6 per cent yearbook growth and 3.3 meg new jobs by 2020. Travel vehicle demand g rew from 13 million trips per day in 1991 to 40 million in 2010. Projections point towards this trend continuing in Malaysia, with the figure expected to get across a staggering 133 million in 2030.With urbanization expected to reach 70 per cent by 2020, there is a need to enable an expeditious and smooth flow of people, which in turn also enables the growth of new urban areas through increased connectivity.Beyond satisfying a growing demand, land public transport plays a catalytic role in accelerating and shaping economic growth. Provision of effective public transport services has the potential of chess opening up new growth clusters, enhancing the attractiveness of existing clusters, and driving urban revitalization. And there are other positive spill-over effects of increased economic activity built upon an advanced land public transport internet it yields employment and business opportunities in local economies by having synergies with other industries like advertisement, retail and situation development.Malaysia has seen a surge in ownership of cars and travelcycles across the country, which is an indication of our countrys increased prosperity, but although private vehicles contribute to the mobility solution, sustainable and inclusive cordial and economic development bottomlandnot be overly dependent on private vehicles. As a general rule, public transportation is more affordable and mitigate traffic congestion as well as the attendant pollution problems caused by private vehicles on the road. All this puts tremendous pressure on the land public transport system to meet the mobility and connectivity requirements closely linked to the social and economic development agenda.Public Transport Masterplan which was being proposed recently.MY Rapid Transit (MRT) is a proposed three-line Mass Rapid Transit system in the Klang Valley. The MRT will be integrated with the LRT, Monorail, KTM Komuter and intra/ intercity buses and will help alleviate traff ic congestion by increasing the fare of people using public transport in the city centre. When operational, the system targets to melt 400,000 commuters daily. In 2020, it is estimated that the population in the Klang Valley will grow from the current 6 million to 10 million. This means that if every single trip is on private transport, the roads in the Klang Valley will be in gridlock. An effective public transport system is the only solution to this as it can move people in masses and it has an optimal usage of space to carry the same number of people.Rail-based public transport, much(prenominal) as the MRT, LRT or commuter train, always forms the backbone of a citys public transport system as it can carry large numbers of people and can move people quickly because it is not hindered by road traffic. Klang Valley currently has a minusculeage of rail-based public transport coverage compared with most public transport-oriented cities. It has less than 20km per million populatio n. Public transport-oriented cities such ascapital of Singapore, Hong Kong and London have more than 40km of rail per million population. With the MRT, it will boost the rail-based public transport coverage in Klang Valley significantly.The first line of this project is the Sungai Buloh Kajang Line (SBK Line), which stretches 51km and have 31 stations. The line will pass through the city centre and will serve densely populated suburban areas including Kota Damansara, Mutiara Damansara, Bandar Utama, Taman Tun Dr Ismail, Bukit Damansara, Cheras, Bandar Tun Hussein Onn and Balakong, with a total catchment population of 1.2 million people. emerge of the 31 stations, 16 stations will be equipped with Park and Ride facilitiesSungai BulohMaluriPusat Bandar DamansaraKota DamansaraTaman Bukit MewahBandar Tun Hussein OnnTaman Industri Sungai BulohPlaza PhoenixTaman KoperasiTaman Tun Dr IsmailTaman SuntexSaujana ImpianSeksyen 16Taman CuepacsKajangWorks on the MRT SBK line has begun in July 2011 and is expected to be completed by 2017.The Klang Valley MRT will not only significantly increase the current inadequate rail network but will also serve to integrate the existing rail networks and expectantly alleviate the severe traffic congestion in the Greater KL metropolitan area. The new MRT system is to radically improve and transform Kuala Lumpurs poor and sorely inadequate public transportation coverage and to propel the Greater Kuala Lumpur metropolitan area to be on par with that of a actual city. The new lines will increase Greater Kuala Lumpurs rapid rail network from 15 km per million people in 2010 to 40 km per million people once completed. The proposal also envisages a fivef hoar increase in rail ridership, in line with the governments target for public transport usage in the Klang Valley of 40% by 2020 from 18% in 2009. The Red Line will go from Damansara in the northwest to Serdang in the southeast of Kuala Lumpur, While the Green Line will be from Kepong in the northeast to Cheras in the southwest. Both lines will pass through the city of Kuala Lumpur and converge at the Dataran Perdana (Kuala Lumpur International Financial District) near Jalan Tun Razak.The underground MRT Line 2 looping around the city of Kuala Lumpur will serve an important role to tie-up and integrate the currently disjointed LRT and monorail lines. Under the Greater KL/ Klang Valley Land Public Transport Master Plan draft, MRT 2 would cater for orbital movements around Kuala Lumpur, provide linkages to existing areas such as the Mid Valley, Mont Kiara, Sentul Timur and Ampang, as well as proposed major developments identified in the DBKL city Plan such as Matrade. The master plan draft speculates the circle line would be veritable in at least two phases The first, comprising 29km with 22 stations would be the western and southern sections linking Ampang with Mid Valley, Matrade and Sentul. The second phase (12km with 8 stations) would link Ampang with Sentul Timur, completing the northeastern sector of the circle line. The master plan also says MRT 3 or the north-south(NS) line would cater for a north-west corridor of the Greater Klang Valley, linking developing areas such as Sungai Buloh, Kepong and Selayang with the eastern half of the city centre (including Kampung Baru and Kuala Lumpur International Financial District), which was forecast to be overloaded in the future.Sustainably Enhancing ConnectivityPublic transport has an important role to play in Malaysias aspirations to develop holistically and sustainably. As populations in urban centres get denser, the problems of congestion and pollution will rise. Proper planning of public transport and land-use are essential to mitigate the ill-effects of population growth in urban areas and to make city-life a pleasant, wellnessy and environmentally sustainable one.Under the Final Draft of Malaysias National Land Public Transport Masterplan, chapter 3.7 ABOUT better QUALITY OF LIFE sta tes that policy 3.7.1 is to promote healthy living.One of the indirect benefits of using land public transport systems is that they indirectly promote healthier lifestyles. This is because when the public transportation hubs are well connected, the first and last miles of a public transport users journey are typically travelled by foot, rather than in a car or on a motorcycle.The stretch between the public transport station and the users origin or destination is crucial to reduce the barrier of using public transport in the first place. Pedestrian facilities improvement to bus stops and railway stations will be encourage as part of the local authority development plans. Walking structures should be defined around transit stops to increase the convenience of those locations. To enhance the accessibility of KLs public transport network, a target has been set of having 75 per cent of the population live within 400 meters of a public transport stop.In addition to ensuring ease of acce ss to the major transport nodes for pedestrians, fitting in cyclist- chummy infrastructure such as cps parking facilities and motorcycle lanes will make it easier and more attractive for people to ride to the stations or interchanges. It will also increase the catchment area of these bus interchanges or rail stations as people living further away would not be put off by having to walk a distance to opt public transport. policy 3.7.1 Final Draft of Malaysias National Land Public Transport MasterplanFirst, lets take Singapore as a reference in terms of public transportation usage and connectivity. It is easy to take Singapore as a reference to this study because of its climate is the same as Malaysia and taking Kuala Lumpur City Centre and Petaling Jaya as a place of study, it is almost similar to Singapore in terms of urbanization. Then again, how did Singapore able to encourage their people to use their public transportation? Although the approach of Singaporean government is no t through cycle, however, it is still beneficial to review their integrated transport system and compare with our own transportation system.In terms of connectivity, public transportation in Singapore is highly connected all over its main town to its suburbs. Since Singapore is a small town with a high density of population, it is possible to do so. Furthermore, because of its size, it is possible to enforce restrictions on private car ownership this, curbing congestion and pollution. To own a car, one must pay duty one and a half times the market value and bid for a Singapore Certificate of Entitlement which comes in very limited numbers. Therefore, according to Singapores department of statistics, only 1 very 10 people own a car. Within the absence seizure of private cars, Singaporeans seems to live normally and manage their time effectively, to catch up with the public transportations schedule.Singaporeans usually travels either by bus, taxis, trains, or maybe a gang and some of them might cycle. Although according to Tan Mike Tze in a chapter of the book THE JOURNEY Singapores Land Transportation Story (2005), he says Singaporeans does not like the idea of pedal-powered pedal as it is too hot and humid, the traffic is dangerous to the cyclist and so on. Also, generally bicycles are used by construction workers, say some. In the book, Tan Mike Tze has this thought where he wants people to imagine a world where everybody goes to work by bicycles or walking or public transportation and their companies are encouraging it by providing showers and changing room facilities allow people to freshen up before starting their work. A world with consecrate lanes and protected side road reserves for the bicycles. A world where the roads are dominated by cyclists and pedestrians and cars have to give way to them. Imagine the health benefits, environmental friendliness and sheer graciousness in such a world.In Petaling Jaya, there are already bicycle paths and bicycle parkings at bus stops, being integrated as part of a residential areas streetscape in Damansara Jaya. Although not many people have come to know about these facilities, it is genuinely a part of Petaling Jayas Green City big plan, where they are trying to decrease the carbon footprints produced and reduce the use of private motorised vehicles on the road. The bicycle path in Damansara Jaya is the pioneer project which tries to communicates urban parks within the Petaling Jaya area. Even though it was meant for recreation, it indirectly helps the cyclist to safely commute within that area. Children can now cycle to school without having their parents to worry about their rubber eraser on the road, thus, reducing the number of cars on the road during 7.00 am to 7.30 am and 2.00pm to 3.30pm. It is a very good example set up by the Petaling Jaya Municipalities on how to manage traffic in urban areas.Singapores transport planners have occasionally toyed with this idea. The Registry of Vehicles halt registering bicycles in 1981, but a 1955 estimate reckoned Singaporean owned about 240 bicycles per c0 population. This puts Singapore sixth in a table with other developed countries, a table inevitably topped by the developing worlds most devoted cyclist, in Holland, with its 550 bicycles per 1000 people. But ownership does not equate with usage, of course. about bicycles use in Singapore is recreational, and often the bikes belong to a child or teenagers but not working adults. There already is a good network of recreational bike paths in parkland areas. But only 1% of Singaporean trips were made on bicycles in 1995, way below the most other countries. In many admittedly cooler European countries, up to 50% of rail travellers and perhaps 20% of bus travellers may arrive at the station or terminus on a bicycle.There certainly are valid safety concerns, given the current configuration of Singapores roads eyepatch only 1% trips were made by bicycle, the percentage o f road accident casualties for cyclists is disproportionately large, at about 4%. But these conditions could be changed. The cyclist could be protected via dedicated lanes or paths among other strategies. Road planners, of course, panic that they are already short enough of land for road-building, without sacrificing any more for -frills such as bicycle lanes. For engineers, all the glamour lies in rail. To some extent, this mindset can be seen in the 1996 White Paper A World Class Land Transport System. In this report, bicycles are relegated to a brief paragraph at the back, under the general heading Supporting Measures. The provision of more facilities for bicycles would encourage short trips of about 3km within housing estates, and possibly to the nearest MRT stations as well. It is the strength of this lobby to create future demand that ultimately will catch whether the planners really embrace the bicycle. The Land Transport Authority, had provided some 869 bicycles at 38MRT st ations by 1997, but it seems significant that bicycles did not feature in the LTA annual report after that, and that a search of the current LTA website under bicycle- does not yield any information. How much friendlier and nicer our roads and public spaces would it be if more of us paddled around on bicycles instead of sitting high and aloof in our four-wheeled steel boxes. It will require a national make pass dodging integrated into the national transport, health and environmental policy. The such master plan will provide for necessary infrastructure such as traffic signs and bicycle parkings, redesign roads and traffic calming measures in built up areas and school zones to slow down motor traffic. It will require some changes to the law, most importantly, it will require safety education and develop for all road users. Chin Yih Ling, Singapores Today Newspaper, 17 January 2005According to existing cyclists, cycling in early in the morning and late afternoon hours could be much more comfortable than walking as they can feel the girth during riding the bike and the temperature of the surrounding is quite cool. It would extend the catchment of the LRT stations of more than 45% walking, thus making cycling a better option than walking. In Malaysia, people are allowed to take motorcycle license as early at the age of 16 and car license at the age of 18. Malaysia has sporty petrols, subsidized by the government, lots of highways and wide roads to occupy the needs of urban transportation. Therefore, people here cant seem to find a reason to not own a car or ride one. Thus, the existence of bicycle is forgotten. Even kids are demanding to be sent and invited back home by cars. Bicycles in Kuala Lumpur city centre and Petaling Jaya are now merely for recreations, where people brought their bicycle by cars, to the urban parks, and ride it there for the sake of health benefits they claim. There are even peoples, who strived the congested roads every day after wor k, for the sake of riding a stationary bicycle at the gym, also, for the health benefits. designing 2.1.3 Copenhagen, Denmark, Mao showing 300km of cycle paths provided beside all existing regional roads and distributor streets, used by 30% of commuters daily. New cycle routes are being built, aimed at increasing the length of average cycle trips from 5 to 15km.For those who arent cycling, the idea of having a dedicated bike path would make them think as if it was a waste of space and resources. But looking things at a bigger picture, having dedicated bicycle paths would encourage more people to cycle as it ensures the cyclists safety on the road. When more people cycles, the dependency on private cars lessens thus, reducing the number of cars on the road, and releasing the traffics pressure, especially during peak hour.With just a few millions spent on providing bicycle-oriented facilities such as painting the paths and providing bicycle parking, and give 1.5 metre minimum from the existing roads to these bike paths instead of spending billions on building more highways and flyovers the government could save billions more and able to spend it to increase the performance of existing public transportations such as increasing the number of coaches to the train to allow more people to enjoy the ride, increasing the number of trains and platforms to allow more frequent trips and better connectivity to places throughout the city.2.2 Kuala LumpurKuala Lumpur is the federal capital of Malaysia. The city covers an area of 243KM and has an estimated population of 1.6 million as of 2012. At 1999, the administrative centre of Malaysia was shifted to Putrajaya as an approach to release the population pressure of Kuala Lumpur. Started as a tin mining town, Kuala Lumpur evolves rapidly as among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in the country, in terms of population and economy Malaysia.After the big flood brush through the town following a fire that had engulfed i t earlier in 1881, Kapitan hole Ah Loy restructured the building layout of the city into new brick buildings with clay tiles inspired by shophouses in southern China, characterised by five foot ways as well as skilled Chinese carpentry work. This resulted in a distinct discriminating shop house architecture typical of this region. A railway line increased accessibility into the growing town. As the development intensified in the 1890s, Kapitan Yap Ah Loy spent a sum of $20,000 to expand road access in the city significantly, linking up tin mines with the city, these roads include the main arterial roads of Ampang Road, Pudu Road and Petaling Street.Climate and weatherProtected by the Titiwangsa Mountains in the east and Indonesias Sumatra Island in the west, Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya has a tropical rainforest climate which is hot and humid all year round. Average temperatures tend to remain constant between 31 and 33 C and typically receives minimum 2,600 mm of rain annually. Flooding is a frequent occurrence in both cities whenever there is a heavy downpour, especially in the city centre and downstream areas. Dust particles from forest fires from near Sumatra sometimes cast a haze over the region. It is a major source of pollution in the city together with open burning, emission from motor vehicles and construction works.2.3 Petaling JayaPetaling Jaya is a city in Selangor originally developed as a satellite township for Kuala Lumpur, comprising mostly residential and some industrial areas. It is locate in the Petaling district withFirst developed by the British on the former 486 hectares Effingham Estate,as an answer to the problem of overpopulation in Kuala Lumpur in 1952 and has since witnessed a dramatic growth in terms of population size and geographical importance. The migration from Kuala Lumpur to the Petaling area had indeed started before the town was officially named in 1953 as Petaling Jaya. The satellite town began to take shape in 1952 when 800 houses were built and another 200 under construction.By the end of 1957, there were well over 3,200 houses in Petaling Jaya, along with more than 100 shops and 28 operating factories. The year also proverb the opening of the first phase of the Federal Highway (Lebuhraya Persekutuan) which divided Petaling Jaya into two. Linking Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya and Port Klang, it enhanced PJs reputation as a strategically located town, particularly in the eyes of industrialists and the affluent searching for prime residential land.Transportation facilities and infrastructure are well developed in Petaling Jaya. Bus services were initially provided by Sri Jaya between the early 1950s until the early 1990s. The mid-eighties saw the introduction of minibuses. The introduction of the IntraKota bus system by DRB-Hicom saw the replacement of Sri Jaya and the minibus by the early 1990s. At the same time, some of the Petaling Jaya-Kuala Lumpur bus routes were also serviced by Metrobus.T he introduction of the Putra LRT service in 1998 saw the addition of the Putraline feeder bus services. The combination of Putraline and Putra LRT brought a relief to many Petaling Jaya residents especially those who had had to rely on public transportation. In 2006 RapidKL took over the operations of IntraKota as well as both Star and Putra LRT. Today, public transportation is provided by RapidKL in the form of buses as well as the KL Light Rail Transit System Kelana Jaya Line, which extends slightly into Petaling Jaya. There are five Kelana Jaya Line stations in Petaling Jaya.Petaling Jaya has three access points to the national highway system North-South Expressway via Kota Damansara, Damansara, and Subang. Internally, highways such as the Damansara-Puchong Expressway, Sprint Expressway and the Federal Highway also exist.There are plans for extensions to the existing Klang Valley light rail transit network with a new 30 km line from Kota Damansara in the northern part of Petalin g Jaya to Cheras (southern Kuala Lumpur) with stops in Mutiara Damansara and Taman Tun Dr Ismail, to name a few. The extension line which would connect to Subang Jaya, the Kelana Jaya Line, will start operation on April 2011 and expected to be completed in 2013.2.4 Cycling In The CityBefore the economy of Malaysia blooms and the first national car, Proton Saga, was launched in July 1985 by Malaysias then Prime Minister, Mahathir bin Mohamad, cars is a luxury to many, and cycle is the most common medium of transportation. Peoples daily travel distances were shorter and the city is more friendly towards people, rather than machines. People in those days treated cycling as part of their utility, rather than a hobby.Utility or transportational cycling generally involves travel short and medium distances, which involves a few kilometres and not more, often in an urban environment. It includes commuting to work, school or university, going shopping and running errands, as well as heading out to see friends and family or for other social activities.It also includes economic activity such as the delivering of goods or services. In big cities, the bicycle courier has been often a familiar feature, and freight bicycles are capable of competing with trucks and vans particularly where many small deliveries are required, especially in congested areas. In Yokohama, Japan, bicycle also being used as a medium of public transportation through services called Velotaxi. Similar to the old days rickshaw, Velotaxi provides environmental friendly transport to its user and is actually one of the main tourist attractions in the city.Utility cycling is believed to have several social and economic benefits. According to a report by the Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Cycling in Netherlands-, policies that encourage utility cycling have been proposed and implemented for reasons includingImproved public healthIndividual health and employers profitsA reduc tion in traffic congestion and air pollutionImprovements in road traffic safetyImproved quality of lifeImproved mobility and social inclusivenessBenefits to child developmentIn the Chinese city of Beijing alone, there are an estimated four million bicycles in use based on article China ends bicycle kingdom as embracing cars, China unremarkable on 11th November 2004, which stated it has been estimated that in the early-1980s there were approximately 500 million cyclists in China). While in A Study on Measures to incite Bicycle Usage in JapanDepartment of Civil Engineering, Utsunomiya University, as of the year 2000, there were an estimated 80 million bicycles in Japan, accounting for 17% of commuter trips, and also, in Cycling in Netherlands- report, stated in the Netherlands, 27% of all trips are made by bicycle.Figure 2.4.3 A common type bicycle in Japan where it comes with front and rear-mounted child seats. Source Authors ownFactors That Influence Levels of Utility CyclingAccor ding to a book by Grgory Vandenbulcke-Plasschaert, spacial Analysis of Bicycle Use and Accident Risks for Cyclists-, many different factors combine to influence levels of utility cycling.In developing economies, a large amount of utility cycling may be seen simply because the bicycle is the most affordable form of vehicular transport available to many people. In richer countries, where people can have the choice of a mixture of transport types, a complex interplay of other factors influences the level of bicycle usage. Factors affecting cycling levels may includeQuality of infrastructure, such as the availability of bike path, safe parkings,etc.Retail policyMarketing the public image of cyclingIntegration with other transport modesCycle trainingTerrain condition which influences bikeabilityDistance to destin